Messenger RNA profiling of rabbit quadriceps femoris after repeat injections of botulinum toxin: Evidence for a dynamic pattern without further structural alterations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Onabotulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is widely used clinically, but it may cause adverse effects. Earlier studies showed repeat BoNT-A injections did not cause progressive atrophy or function loss. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of repeat BoNT-A injections into rabbit muscle on subsequent molecular alterations. METHODS: Twenty-two rabbits received 0, 1, 2, or 3 BoNT-A injections in the quadriceps femoris muscle at 3-month intervals and were euthanized 6 months after the last injection. Aliquots of both injected and contralateral muscle were frozen, and the total RNA quantified. RESULTS: Total RNA per illigram wet weight tissue was significantly elevated compared with control after 1, 2, or 3 BoNT-A injections. Analysis of mRNA levels for inflammatory molecules, proteinases, adipokines, and mesenchymal stem cells were elevated with increasing BoNT-A injections in injected leg and contralateral leg. DISCUSSION: Future studies should focus on the safety and possible complications of repeat BoNT-A treatments. Muscle Nerve 57: 487-493, 2018.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".