Bibliographic record
Abstract
This panel was convened at 9:00 a.m., Thursday, March 31, 2016, by its moderator Andrew Park of University of California, Los Angeles School of Law, who introduced panelists: Melanie Bejzyk of University of Oxford; Fanny Gomez-Lugo of Inter-American Commission on Human Rights; and Mark E. Wojcik of The John Marshall Law School. * SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER IDENTITY UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW By Mark E. Wojcik ([dagger]) INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS FOR LGBTI PERSONS Protections for Orientation, Identity, and Expression Under National Constitutions Sexual is expressly protected under nine national constitutions: Bolivia; Ecuador; Fiji; Kosovo; Malta; Mexico; Portugal; South Africa; and Sweden. orientation is also protected under Human Rights Act of New Zealand, Northern Ireland Act of 1988, as amended, and Scotland Act of 1988, as amended. Gender identity is protected as an additional category under constitutions of Bolivia, Ecuador, and Malta. The Constitution of Fiji protects not only sexual orientation and identity, but also gender expression. And although it was by statute rather than under a national constitution, Australia and Malta became first countries to protect intersex persons. Same-Sex Marriage As of 2016, marriage is legal in twenty countries: Argentina; Belgium; Brazil; Canada; Colombia; Denmark (and its former province, Greenland, which is now an autonomous Danish dependent territory); France (and its Caribbean Department, Martinique); Iceland; Ireland; Luxembourg; Mexico (by court decisions and writs of amparo that require recognition of marriages from other Mexican states, even in Mexican states that do not yet authorize marriage by legislation); Netherlands (and its Caribbean municipality, Saba); New Zealand; Norway; Portugal; South Africa; Spain; Sweden; United States; and Uruguay. Same-sex marriage also became legal in England, Wales, and Scotland in 2014, bringing to twenty-three number of nations that recognize marriage (if England, Wales, and Scotland are counted as countries; if they are not, then number of countries remains at twenty because United Kingdom cannot be counted until Northern Ireland allows marriage). Finland will recognize marriage as of March 1, 2017. Same-sex marriage became legal for entire United States on June 26, 2015, when U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that the right to marry is a fundamental right inherent in liberty of person, and under Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of Fourteenth Amendment [to U.S. Constitution,] couples of may not be deprived of that right and that liberty. The Supreme Court held that same-sex couples may exercise fundamental right to marry, and that there is no lawful basis for a State [of United States] to refuse to recognize a lawful marriage performed in another State [or foreign country] on ground of its character. Same-sex marriage became legal in Ireland on November 16, 2015, after Ireland became first nation in world to legalize marriage by a popular vote in May 2015. (Switzerland had earlier voted as a nation to recognize civil unions, but these fall short of marriage.) Not all nations recognize marriage. Slovenia passed a law to recognize marriage, but voters repealed it before it could enter into effect. And despite advances elsewhere, some countries have constitutions that define marriage as a union solely between a man and a woman. Constitutions defining marriage as a union of a man and a woman include constitutions of Belarus, Bulgaria, Burundi, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Panama, Poland, Rwanda, Serbia, Seychelles, Slovakia, Somalia, South Sudan, Tajikistan, Uganda, Ukraine, and Vietnam. …
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.019 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.015 | 0.016 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.012 |
| Research integrity | 0.012 | 0.017 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.047 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".