Notice bibliographique
Résumé
This panel was convened at 9:00 a.m., Thursday, March 31, 2016, by its moderator Andrew Park of University of California, Los Angeles School of Law, who introduced panelists: Melanie Bejzyk of University of Oxford; Fanny Gomez-Lugo of Inter-American Commission on Human Rights; and Mark E. Wojcik of The John Marshall Law School. * SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER IDENTITY UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW By Mark E. Wojcik ([dagger]) INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS FOR LGBTI PERSONS Protections for Orientation, Identity, and Expression Under National Constitutions Sexual is expressly protected under nine national constitutions: Bolivia; Ecuador; Fiji; Kosovo; Malta; Mexico; Portugal; South Africa; and Sweden. orientation is also protected under Human Rights Act of New Zealand, Northern Ireland Act of 1988, as amended, and Scotland Act of 1988, as amended. Gender identity is protected as an additional category under constitutions of Bolivia, Ecuador, and Malta. The Constitution of Fiji protects not only sexual orientation and identity, but also gender expression. And although it was by statute rather than under a national constitution, Australia and Malta became first countries to protect intersex persons. Same-Sex Marriage As of 2016, marriage is legal in twenty countries: Argentina; Belgium; Brazil; Canada; Colombia; Denmark (and its former province, Greenland, which is now an autonomous Danish dependent territory); France (and its Caribbean Department, Martinique); Iceland; Ireland; Luxembourg; Mexico (by court decisions and writs of amparo that require recognition of marriages from other Mexican states, even in Mexican states that do not yet authorize marriage by legislation); Netherlands (and its Caribbean municipality, Saba); New Zealand; Norway; Portugal; South Africa; Spain; Sweden; United States; and Uruguay. Same-sex marriage also became legal in England, Wales, and Scotland in 2014, bringing to twenty-three number of nations that recognize marriage (if England, Wales, and Scotland are counted as countries; if they are not, then number of countries remains at twenty because United Kingdom cannot be counted until Northern Ireland allows marriage). Finland will recognize marriage as of March 1, 2017. Same-sex marriage became legal for entire United States on June 26, 2015, when U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that the right to marry is a fundamental right inherent in liberty of person, and under Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of Fourteenth Amendment [to U.S. Constitution,] couples of may not be deprived of that right and that liberty. The Supreme Court held that same-sex couples may exercise fundamental right to marry, and that there is no lawful basis for a State [of United States] to refuse to recognize a lawful marriage performed in another State [or foreign country] on ground of its character. Same-sex marriage became legal in Ireland on November 16, 2015, after Ireland became first nation in world to legalize marriage by a popular vote in May 2015. (Switzerland had earlier voted as a nation to recognize civil unions, but these fall short of marriage.) Not all nations recognize marriage. Slovenia passed a law to recognize marriage, but voters repealed it before it could enter into effect. And despite advances elsewhere, some countries have constitutions that define marriage as a union solely between a man and a woman. Constitutions defining marriage as a union of a man and a woman include constitutions of Belarus, Bulgaria, Burundi, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Panama, Poland, Rwanda, Serbia, Seychelles, Slovakia, Somalia, South Sudan, Tajikistan, Uganda, Ukraine, and Vietnam. …
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,009 | 0,008 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,012 | 0,019 |
| Communication savante | 0,015 | 0,016 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,012 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,012 | 0,017 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,047 | 0,004 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».