Governing Indigenous Sports and Recreation, 1972–2008: Citizenship Regimes, Nation-Building, and the Politics of Ambivalence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article examines the governance of Indigenous sports in Canada over the past 40 years. Drawing from the notion of citizenship regimes, it looks at the different institutional arrangements, rules, and understandings that have guided and shaped Canadian sports policy. Through a comparative analysis of the Native Sports and Recreation Program (1972–81) and the North American Indigenous Games (1990–2008), it demonstrates a shift from strategies of governance based on social citizenship—in which state agencies aimed to assimilate Indigenous peoples under federal programs as disadvantaged members of the national population—to market citizenship, providing services that target at-risk communities at a distance through short-term, project-oriented partnerships. In the midst of these changing citizenship regimes, I examine the different ways in which Indigenous groups have been able to make claims for self-determined sports and recreation infrastructure based on specific understandings of nationhood and belonging.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.020 | 0.026 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".