Refraction seismic velocity analyses from multichannel seismic data acquired during Expedition ARA04C on the IBRV Araon in the Beaufort Sea
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Expedition ARA04C (conducted from September 10 - September 26, 2013 in Canadian waters) on the Korean icebreaker IBRV Araon was laid out to investigate the Beaufort Sea shelf and slope region and collect geo-scientific data for various aspects relevant to the GSC's mandated regional geo-hazard assessment of the offshore Beaufort region. A critical element of the geohazards is the distribution of permafrost across the submerged shelf. To address this question and to verify data from earlier attempts made by the GSC in the mid 1980ies, a set of multichannel seismic (MCS) lines were collected across and along the shelf edge. Refracted arrivals were picked on all MCS lines acquired and velocities for the first and where occurring, second and even third refractions were determined. The depth to the first refractor was determined using simple ray-path geometry for a refracted, planar 2 layer case, with a fixed velocity of the upper layer (ocean water) of 1450 m/s determined from measurements of physical properties in the water column using a standard Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) tool. Using this velocity value creates a fully flat direct arrival when the shot-gather is reduced by this velocity value, confirming that this value is appropriate. Depths to 2nd or 3rd refractor where not determined in this study. Arrivals from deeper refractions are often masked by the occurrence of refractions generated by multiples and from strong linear noise occurring along the streamer. The results from the refraction velocity analysis allow verification of major boundaries of permafrost or icebearing sediment occurrences from previous work, but also define several critical corrections, especially near the shelf edge zone. Correlation of the MCS refraction data and the coincident 3.5 kHz sub-bottom profiler data reveal that a regional unconformity (~5 to ~15 meter below seafloor) often is the source of the first detectable refraction instead of the seafloor.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".