Thermal-induced nonlinearities in rose, linseed, and chamomile oils using continuous wave visible laser beam
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Self-diffraction rings or spatial self-phase modulation were observed in rose, linseed, and chamomile oils under 473 nm continuous wave laser irradiation. The measurements were performed by propagating the laser beam through a cell containing each sample. The number of rings as well as diameter of the outer-most ring in each pattern obtained increases monotonically with increasing input power. The diffraction ring patterns are theoretically simulated using Fresnel–Kirchhoff diffraction integral in the case of an optically thin medium. The experimental and simulation results show that when a laser beam with Gaussian profile is transmitted through an oil medium, a series of circular diffraction rings forms in the intensity distribution pattern in the far-field. The nonlinear refractive index, n 2 , was determined from the number of observed rings and by the Z-scan technique. The results obtained from self-diffraction rings experiment and Z-scan are compared and analyzed for the three different oils. A large value was obtained of the order of n 2 = 1.32 × l0 −6 cm 2 /W for chamomile oil using the diffraction ring pattern technique. This large nonlinearity is attributed to a thermal effect resulting from linear absorption. Moreover, the optical limiting characteristics of rose, linseed, and chamomile oils were investigated.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it