A General Protocol for the Broad-Spectrum Cross-Coupling of Nonactivated Sterically Hindered 1° and 2° Amines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While notable advances have been reported for the metal-catalyzed cross-coupling of bulky amines, to date no set of reported conditions has proven general for both hindered and unactivated primary and secondary amines. Examples that are reported with Pd catalysts invariably involve aggressive alkoxide bases in order to provide the necessary “push” required to couple these challenging substrates. Consequently, few, if any, base-sensitive functional groups (e.g., esters, ketones, cyano groups) are included in published reports involving such substrates. Herein we disclose the use of Pd-PEPPSI-IPent Cl 3-chloropyridine precatalyst with the mild, yet soluble base sodium butylated hydroxytoluene (NaBHT) in one single protocol that can couple a broad scope of hindered and unactivated primary and secondary amines to produce functionalized products in high yields.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".