Some new data concerning the quaternary glaciation in the Romanian Carpathians
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present some new data from Pleistocene glacial deposits of some key areas in the Southern Carpathians, Romania. The results from detailed geomorphological mapping and surface exposure dating (10Be) in the Retezat, Făgăraş and Parâng Mountains give insight into their Pleistocene glacial history. The Southern Carpathians are the highest mountain chain of the Romanian Carpathians, with 11 peaks higher than 2500 m a. s. l. Although evidence for Pleistocene glaciation in the Romanian Carpathians was pointed out over 125 years ago, the timing and extent of the glaciation is still controversially discussed. In the Retezat Mountains we focused our field work and boulder sampling on the north-facing Pietrele Valley, in the Parâng Mountains we worked in the northfacing Jieţ valley. We present new results from geomorphological mapping from the eastern and central part of the Făgăraş Mountains, where landsliding and steep valley walls impede exposure dating. Two major glacial advances, M1, and M2 (in local terminology Lolaia and, respectively, Judele-Jieţ) have been previously described. The most extensive M1-advance reached an elevation of 1,035 m a.s.l. in the Retezat Mts., some 250 m below the terminal moraines of the M2- advance. The timing of the M1 advance is uncertain but it occurred either during the Early Würm (MIS4) or during the Riss (MIS6) glaciation, based on the relative chronology of pedological investigations. The exposure ages show that the younger M2 glacial advance (Judele-Jieţ) was deposited during the late glacial at 16.8±1.8 kyr in the Retezat Mountains and 17.9±1.6 kyr in the Parâng Mountains. There is no evidence in the field for a glacial advance during the global Last Glacial Maximum (LGM); we therefore conclude that the glacial advance during the LGM was moisture-starved and therefore less extensive than the late glacial advance, which overran the LGM deposits. This is in good agreement with the sealevel data from the Mediterranean Sea, the moisture source for the region. The new investigations and geomorphological mapping in the eastern part of Făgăraş Mts. (Luţele-Berevoiescu area) allow establishing a stepwise evolution of glaciers in the last stages of the Pleistocene and allow differentiating between two ways of evolution of glaciers in their extinction stage, one in a normal ablation way, and the other one from glaciers to rock glaciers. .
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".