He liothis/Helicoverpa Problem in the Americas: Biology and Management
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The com earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) occur throughout the temperate and tropical regions in the Americas. The com earworm, H. zea, is widely distributed in Canada (British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec and Saskatchewan), Mexico and the USA (including Hawaii) in North America; and Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Falkland Islands, French Guiana, Guyana, Pern, Surinam, Umguay and Venezuela in South America. The tobacco budworm, H. virescens, is found throughout the eastern and southwestern United States, and also in California. It over-winters successfully only in the southern states. However, it occasionally survives in cold climates in greenhouses and other sheltered locations. Tobacco budworm disperses northward annually, and can be found in New England, New York, and southern Canada during late summer. It also occurs widely in the Caribbean, and sporadically in central and South America. In North America, H. zea is the second most important economic pest species (preceded only by codling moth) (Hardwick 1965). The estimated annual cost of damage by H. zea and H. virescens together on all crops in the USA is more than US$1000 million, despite an expenditure of US$ 250 million on insecticide application for controlling these pests (Fitt 1989).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".