Interaction of potassium carbonate and soybean oil supplementation on performance of early-lactation dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Potassium carbonate supplementation is known to improve milk fat synthesis and to modify milk mineral composition in dairy cows. The objective of the current experiment was to evaluate the effect of K 2 CO 3 on production performance, biohydrogenation of fatty acids (FA), and mineral composition of milk in early-lactation dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet with or without soybean oil (SBO), as a source of polyunsaturated FA. Twenty-eight ruminally fistulated Holstein cows were used in a randomized complete block design. The experiment lasted 33 d, including a 5-d pretreatment collection period used as a covariate. Experimental treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial with 0 or 1.5% K 2 CO 3 and with 0 or 2% SBO, and balanced to contain 40% forage (57% corn silage + 43% grass silage) and 60% concentrate. Preplanned orthogonal contrasts were used to assess the effects of K 2 CO 3 , SBO, and their interaction. Feeding K 2 CO 3 did not affect milk yield, but tended to increase 4% fat-corrected milk and fat yield when combined with SBO. However, adding SBO to diets increased milk yield. Dietary K 2 CO 3 supplementation did not affect milk fat concentration of trans -10 18:1 or any other identified biohydrogenation intermediates. Soybean oil supplementation decreased milk fat concentration of C16 and de novo synthesized FA, and increased preformed FA. Among the other effects of SBO supplementation observed, concentrations of cis -9, trans -11 18:2 increased, as well as most of the cis and trans isomers of 18:1 and 18:0. Milk urea N decreased in cows fed K 2 CO 3 as compared with unsupplemented diets. A positive relation was established between milk Cl concentration and milk yield, suggesting that the equilibrium of this ion is linked to the efficiency of lactogenesis. The effect of K 2 CO 3 on this mineral equilibrium in the mammary gland remains to be established. Overall, results have shown that potential effect of K 2 CO 3 on milk fat synthesis is dependent on the levels of dietary polyunsaturated FA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".