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Record W2752102246 · doi:10.4212/cjhp.v70i4.1680

Home Care Pharmacy Practice in Canada: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Services Provided, Remuneration, Barriers, and Facilitators

2017· article· en· W2752102246 on OpenAlexafffundvenueabout
Sherilyn K. D. Houle, Linda MacKeigan

Bibliographic record

VenueThe Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy · 2017
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicPharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
Canadian institutionsUniversity of TorontoUniversity of Waterloo
FundersUniversity of Waterloo
KeywordsRemunerationPharmacyFamily medicineMedicineDocumentationClinical pharmacyNursingInclusion (mineral)PopulationBusinessPsychologyEnvironmental health

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

ABSTRACT Background: As the population ages, and individuals desire to remain in their homes as long as possible, the need for in-home care is expected to increase. However, pharmacists have rarely been included in studies of in-home care, and little is known about the prevalence or effectiveness of pharmacists’ home-based services in Canada. Objective: To identify pharmacy practices in Canada that regularly provide in-home patient care and to identify specific services provided, remuneration obtained, and barriers and facilitators influencing the provision of home-based care. Methods: A link to a web-based survey was posted in e-newsletters of provincial, territorial, and national pharmacy associations in Canada. In addition, pharmacists known to the researchers as providing in-home clinical services were contacted directly. The survey was open from October to December 2015. Practices or organizations that performed at least one home visit per week for clinical purposes, with documentation of the services provided, were eligible to participate. One response per practice or organization was allowed. Results: Seventeen practices meeting the inclusion criteria were identified, representing community, hospital, and clinic settings. Home visits were most commonly performed for individuals with complex medication regimens or nonadherence to medication therapy. The most common services were conducting medication reconciliation and reviews and counselling patients about medication adherence. No practices or organizations billed patients for these services, yet lack of remuneration was an important barrier identified by many respondents. Although 12 (71%) of the respondents collected data for evaluative purposes, collection of clinical or health system outcome data was rare. Conclusions: Few Canadian pharmacy practices that provide in-home patient care at least once a week could be identified. Data collection suitable to establish an evidence base for this service was infrequently performed by practices and organizations providing home-based care. Such evidence is needed to justify the expansion of this service nationally, including consistent and adequate remuneration from governments or other payers. RÉSUMÉ Contexte : Au fur et à mesure que la population vieillit et que les gens désirent rester le plus longtemps possible à leur domicile, on s’attend à une croissance des besoins de soins à domicile. Or, les pharmaciens ont rarement été inclus dans les études de soins à domicile et l’on connaît peu de choses sur la prévalence et l’efficacité des services de soins à domiciles prodigués par des pharmaciens au Canada. Objectifs : Recenser les pharmacies au Canada qui prodiguent régulièrement des soins à domicile et déterminer précisément quels sont les services fournis, la rémunération obtenue et les éléments qui font obstacle ou facilitent la prestation de soins à domicile. Méthodes : Un lien menant à un sondage en ligne a été inclus dans les infolettres d’associations provinciales, territoriales et nationales de pharmacie au Canada. De plus, les chercheurs ont communiqué directement avec les pharmaciens dont ils savaient qu’ils offraient des services cliniques à domicile. Le sondage était accessible d’octobre à décembre 2015. Les pharmacies ou les organismes qui faisaient au moins une visite à domicile par semaine à des fins cliniques et qui consignaient les services fournis étaient admissibles à l’étude. Une réponse par pharmacie ou par organisme était permise. Résultats : Dix-sept pharmacies répondant aux critères d’inclusion ont été recensées. Elles provenaient de milieux communautaire, hospitalier et clinique. Les visites à domicile étaient le plus souvent faites auprès de personnes ayant une pharmacothérapie complexe ou n’observant pas le traitement médicamenteux. Les services les plus fréquents étaient : établir des bilans comparatifs des médicaments, procéder à des évaluations de la pharmacothérapie et offrir de l’information aux patients sur l’observance pharmacothérapeutique. Aucune pharmacie ou aucun organisme n’a facturé ces services aux patients; or, l’absence de rémunération représentait un des principaux obstacles selon bon nombre de répondants. Bien que 12 (71 %) des répondants aient recueilli des données à des fins d’évaluation, on effectuait rarement la cueillette de données sur les résultats cliniques ou du système de santé. Conclusions : On a pu recenser que peu de pharmacies canadiennes qui offrent des soins à domicile aux patients au moins une fois par semaine. On a noté qu’on réalisait trop peu fréquemment la collecte de données permettant de fournir un fondement à ce service. De telles données probantes sont nécessaires pour justifier le fait d’étendre ce service à l’ensemble du pays et de dégager une rémunération uniforme et adéquate provenant des gouvernements ou d’autres payeurs.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.004
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.029
Threshold uncertainty score0.212

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.004
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.001
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.001
Bibliometrics0.0010.004
Science and technology studies0.0030.001
Scholarly communication0.0010.001
Open science0.0010.001
Research integrity0.0010.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0020.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.059
GPT teacher head0.383
Teacher spread0.324 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

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Citations11
Published2017
Admission routes4
Has abstractyes

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