CARMA Survey toward Infrared-bright Nearby Galaxies (STING). IV. Spatially Resolved <sup>13</sup>CO in Spiral Galaxies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We present a mapping survey of 12 nearby galaxies from the CARMA STING sample. The line intensity ratio is derived to study the variations in molecular gas properties. For 11 galaxies where it can be measured with high significance, the spatially resolved on (sub)kiloparsec scales varies by up to a factor of 3–5 within a galaxy. Lower values are usually found in regions with weaker . We attribute this apparent trend to a bias against measuring large values when is weak. Limiting our analysis to the -bright regions that are less biased, we do not find that on (sub)kiloparsec scales correlate with galactocentric distance, velocity dispersion, or the star formation rate. The lack of correlation between star formation rate and indicates that the CO optical depth is not sensitive to stellar energy input, or that any such sensitivity is easily masked by other factors. Extending the analysis to all regions with emission by spectral stacking, we find that 5 out of 11 galaxies show higher stacked for galactocentric radii of and yr−1 kpc−2, which could result from a greater contribution from diffuse gas. Moreover, significant galaxy-to-galaxy variations are found in , but the global does not strongly depend on dust temperature, inclination, or metallicity of the galaxy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".