Antioxidant and Trace Element Supplementation Reduce the Inflammatory Response in Critically Ill Burn Patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oxidative stress after burn injury induces inflammatory and hypermetabolic responses associated with adverse outcomes. We propose that antioxidant and trace element supplementation may reduce oxidative stress and subsequently alleviate inflammation and hypermetabolism, thus improving clinical outcomes. We conducted a cohort study of adult patients with an acute burn injury admitted to our provincial burn center. Patients in the antioxidant group received an intravenous infusion of multivitamins and trace elements for the first 14 days after admission. The inflammatory profile was assessed at early time points, < 14 days postburn, and later time points, ≥ 15 days postburn, and included interleukin (IL)-1β, interferon-γ, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-6, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand. Hypermetabolism was assessed by resting energy expenditure. Clinical outcomes included mortality, morbidities, hospital length of stay, and infections including days to the last positive culture after injury. We studied 172 patients, mean age 49 ± 17 years and 33 ± 13% TBSA burned, with 91 controls and 81 patients in the antioxidant group. Patients in the antioxidant group had significantly lower levels of inflammatory markers at both early and late time points, P < .05. Antioxidant treatment was associated with decreased measure of hypermetabolism, P < .05. Morbidity and mortality were not significantly different between groups. Length of hospital stay was significantly shorter in the antioxidant group when adjusted for patient demographics and injury characteristics (risk ratio (RR), 0.78; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.66-0.92). In the antioxidant group, while infections were not different, the last positive culture post-injury was documented at median 19 days (Interquartile range (IQR), 11-43 days) compared with controls at 35 days (IQR, 15-59 days), P = .012. Patients receiving antioxidant and trace element supplementation had reduced markers of burn stress-induced inflammation; they were also associated with a decreased hypermetabolic response, shorter length of stay, and improved bacterial clearance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".