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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)
Daniel J. Klionsky, Kotb Abdelmohsen, Akihisa Abe, Md. Joynal Abedin, Hagai Abeliovich, Abraham Acevedo‐Arozena, Hiroaki Adachi, Christopher M. Adams, Peter D. Adams, Khosrow Adeli, Peter J. Adhihetty, Sharon G. Adler, Galila Agam, Rajesh Agarwal, Manish K. Aghi, Maria Agnello, Patrizia Agostinis, Patricia V. Aguilar, Julio A. Aguirre‐Ghiso, Edoardo M. Airoldi, Slimane Ait‐Si‐Ali, Takahiko Akematsu, Emmanuel T. Akporiaye, Mohamed Al‐Rubeai, Guillermo M. Albaiceta, Chris Albanese, Diego Albani, Matthew L. Albert, Jesús Aldudo, Hana Algül, Mehrdad Alirezaei, Iraide Alloza, Alexandru Almasan, Maylin Almonte-Beceril, Emad S. Alnemri, Covadonga Alonso, Nihal Altan‐Bonnet, Dario C. Altieri, Silvia Álvarez, Lydia Alvarez‐Erviti, Sandro Alves, Giuseppina Amadoro, Atsuo Amano, Consuelo Amantini, Santiago Ambrosio, Ivano Amelio, Amal O. Amer, Mohamed Amessou, Angelika Amon, Zhenyi An, Frank A. Anania, Stig Uggerhøj Andersen, Usha P. Andley, Catherine Andreadi, Nathalie Andrieu‐Abadie, Alberto Anel, David K. Ann, Shailendra Anoopkumar‐Dukie, Manuela Antonioli, Hiroshi Aoki, Nadezda Apostolova, Saveria Aquila, Katia Aquilano, Koichi Araki, Eli Arama, Agustı́n Aranda, Jun Araya, Alexandre Arcaro, Esperanza Arias, Hirokazu Arimoto, Aileen Ariosa, Jane L. Armstrong, Thierry Arnould, Ivica Arsov, Katsuhiko Asanuma, Valerie Askanas, Éric Asselin, Ryuichiro Atarashi, Sally S. Atherton, Julie D. Atkin, Laura D. Attardi, Patrick Auberger, Georg Auburger, Laure Aurelian, Riccardo Autelli, Laura Avagliano, Maria Laura Avantaggiati, Limor Avrahami, Suresh Awale, Neelam Azad, Tiziana Bachetti, Jonathan Backer, Dong-Hun Bae, Jae‐sung Bae, Ok‐Nam Bae, Soo Han Bae, Eric H. Baehrecke, Seung‐Hoon Baek, Stephen Baghdiguian, Agnieszka Bagniewska‐Zadworna, Hua Bai, Jie Bai, Xueyuan Bai, Yannick Bailly, Kithiganahalli Narayanaswamy Balaji, Walter Balduini, Andrea Ballabio, Rena Balzan, Rintu Banerjee, Gábor Bánhegyi, Haijun Bao, Benoı̂t Barbeau, M D Barrachina, Esther Barreiro, Bonnie Bartel, Alberto Bartolomé, Diane C. Bassham, Maria Teresa Bassi, Robert C. Bast, Alakananda Basu, Maria Teresa Batista, Henri Batoko, Maurizio Battino, Kyle Bauckman, Bradley L. Baumgarner, K. Ulrich Bayer, Rupert Beale, Jean‐François Beaulieu, George R. Beck, Christoph Becker, J. David Beckham, Pierre‐André Bédard, Patrick J. Bednarski, Thomas J. Begley, Christian Behl, Christian Behrends, Georg M. N. Behrens, K.E. Behrns, Eloy Bejarano, Amine Belaïd, Francesca Belleudi, Giovanni Bénard, Guy Berchem, Daniele Bergamaschi, Matteo Bergami, Ben Berkhout, Laura Berliocchi, Amélie Bernard, Monique Bernard, Francesca Bernassola, Anne Bertolotti, Amanda S. Bess, Sébastien Besteiro, Saverio Bettuzzi, Savita Bhalla, Shalmoli Bhattacharyya, Sujit K. Bhutia, Caroline Biagosch, Michele Wolfe Bianchi, Martine Biard-Piechaczyk, Viktor Billes, Cláudia Bincoletto, Baris Bingol, Sara W. Bird, Marc Bitoun, Ivana Bjedov, Craig Blackstone, Lionel Blanc, Guillermo Blanco, Heidi Kiil Blomhoff, Emilio Boada-Romero, Stefan Böckler, Marianne Boes, Kathleen Boesze‐Battaglia, Lawrence Boise, Alessandra Bolino, Andrea Boman, Paolo Bonaldo, Matteo Bordi, Jürgen Bosch, Luís M. Botana, Joëlle Botti, Germán Bou, Marina Bouché, Marion Bouchecareilh, Marie‐Josée Boucher, Michael E. Boulton, Sébastien G. Bouret, Patricia Boya, Michaël Boyer‐Guittaut, Peter V. Bozhkov, Nathan Brady, Vania Braga, Claudio Brancolini, Gerhard H. Braus, José Manuel Bravo‐San Pedro, Lisa Brennan, Emery Bresnick, Patrick Brest, Dave Bridges, Marie-Agnès Bringer, Marisa Brini, Glauber C. Brito, Bertha Brodin, Paul S. Brookes, Karen Brown, Hal E. Broxmeyer, Alain Bruhat, Patrı́cia C. Brum, John H. Brumell, Nicola Brunetti‐Pierri, Robert J. Bryson‐Richardson, Shilpa Buch, Alastair M. Buchan, Hikmet Budak, Dmitry V. Bulavin, Scott J. Bultman, Geert Bultynck, Vladimir Bumbaširević, Yan Burelle, Robert E. Burke, Margit Burmeister, Peter Bütikofer, Laura Caberlotto, Ken Cadwell, Monika Cahová, Jingjing Cai, Qian Cai, Sara Calatayud, Nadine Camougrand, Michelangelo Campanella, Grant R. Campbell, Matthew Campbell, Silvia Campello, Robin Candau, Isabella Caniggia, L Cantoni, Lizhi Cao, Allan Caplan, Michele Caraglia, Claudio Cardinali, Sandra M. Cardoso, Jennifer S. Carew, Laura A. Carleton, Cathleen R. Carlin, Silvia Carloni, Sven R. Carlsson, Didac Carmona‐Gutiérrez, Letícia A. M. Carneiro, Oliana Carnevali, Serena Carra, Alice Carrier, Bernadette Carroll, Caty Casas, Josefina Casas, Giuliana Cassinelli, Perrine Castets, Susana Castro‐Obregón, Gabriella Cavallini, Isabella Ceccherini, Francesco Cecconi, Arthur I. Cederbaum, Valentı́n Ceña, Simone Cenci, Claudia Cerella, Davide Cervia, Silvia Cetrullo, Hassan Chaachouay, Han–Jung Chae, Andrei S. Chagin, Chee‐Yin Chai, Gopal Chakrabarti, Georgios Chamilos, Matthew T.V. Chan, Dhyan Chandra, Pallavi Chandra, Chih‐Peng Chang, Raymond Chuen‐Chung Chang, Ta‐Yuan Chang, John C. Chatham, Saurabh Chatterjee, Santosh Chauhan, Yongsheng Che, Michael E. Cheetham, Rajkumar Cheluvappa, Chun‐Jung Chen, Guang‐Chao Chen, Guoqiang Chen, Hongzhuan Chen, Jeff W. Chen, Jian‐Kang Chen, Min Chen, Peiwen Chen, Quan Chen, Shang‐Der Chen, Si Chen, Steve S-L Chen, Wei Chen, Wei‐Jung Chen, Wen Qiang Chen, Xiangmei Chen, Yau‐Hung Chen, Ye-Guang Chen, Yin Chen, Yingyu Chen, Yongshun Chen, Yu-Jen Chen, Yujie Chen, Zhen Chen, Zhong Chen, Alan Cheng, Christopher H.K. Cheng, Cheng Hua, Heesun Cheong, Sara Cherry, Jason Chesney, Chun Hei Antonio Cheung, Éric Chevet, Hsiang Cheng, Sung-Gil Chi, Fulvio Chiacchiera, Hui-Ling Chiang, Roberto Chiarelli, M Chiariello, Marcello Chieppa, Lih‐Shen Chin, Mario Chiong, Gigi NC Chiu, Ssang‐Goo Cho, Yong‐Yeon Cho, Young‐Seok Cho, Augustine M.K. Choi, Eui‐Ju Choi, Jayoung Choi, Mary E. Choi, Seung-Il Choi, Tsui‐Fen Chou, Salem Chouaib, Vinay Choubey, Kuan‐Chih Chow, Kamal Chowdhury, Charleen T. Chu, Tsung‐Hsien Chuang, Taehoon Chun, Hyewon Chung, Taijoon Chung, Yuen-Li Chung, Yong-Joon Chwae, Valentina Cianfanelli, Roberto Ciarcia, Iwona A. Ciechomska, Maria Rosa Ciriolo, Mara Cirone, Sofie Claerhout, Michael J. Clague, Joan Clària, Robert Clarke, Emilio Clementi, Cédric Cleyrat, Miriam Cnop, Eliana M. Coccia, Tiziana Cocco, Patrice Codogno, Jörn Coers, Ezra E.W. Cohen, David Colecchia, Luisa Coletto, Núria S. Coll, Emma Colucci‐Guyon, Sergio Comincini, Maria Condello, Katherine L. Cook, Graham H. Coombs, Cynthia D. Cooper, Jonathan M. Cooper, Isabelle Coppens, Maria Tiziana Corasaniti, Marco Corazzari, Ramón Corbalán, Elisabeth Corcelle–Termeau, Mario D. Cordero, Cristina Corral-Ramos, Olga Corti, Andrea Cossarizza, Paola Costelli, Safia Costes, Susan L. Cotman, Ana Coto‐Montes, Sandra Cottet, Eduardo Couve, Lori R. Covey, L. Ashley Cowart, Jeffery S. Cox, Fraser P. Coxon, Carolyn B. Coyne, Mark S. Cragg, Rolf J. Craven, Tiziana Crepaldi, José L. Crespo, Alfredo Criollo, V. Crippa, Maria Teresa Cruz, Ana María Cuervo, José M. Cuezva, Taixing Cui, Pedro R. Cutillas, Mark J. Czaja, Maria Czyzyk-Krzeska, Ruben K. Dagda, Uta Dahmen, Chunsun Dai, Yun Dai, Kevin N. Dalby, Luisa Dalla Valle, Guillaume Dalmasso, Marcello D’Amelio, Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud, Catherine Dargemont, Victor Darley‐Usmar, Srinivasan Dasarathy, Biplab Dasgupta, Srikanta Dash, Crispin R. Dass, Hazel M. Davey, Lester M. Davids, David Dávila, Valina L. Dawson, Paula Daza, Jackie de Belleroche, Regina Célia Bressan Queiroz de Figueiredo, José de la Fuente, Guido R.Y. De Meyer, Angelo De Milito, Mauro De Santi, Wanderley de Souza, Daniela De Zio, Jayanta Debnath, Reinhard Dechant, Jean-Paul Decuypere, Shane Deegan, Benjamin Dehay, Dominic P. Del Re, Régis Delage-Mourroux, Lea M.D. Delbridge, Louise Deldicque, Elizabeth Delorme‐Axford, Yizhen Deng, Jörn Dengjel, Mélanie Denizot, Paul Dent, Channing J. Der, Vojo Deretić, Benoît Derrien, Éric Deutsch, Timothy P. Devarenne, Rodney J. Devenish, Sabrina Di Bartolomeo, Fabio Di Domenico, Simone Di Paola, Antonio Di Pietro, Livia Di Renzo, Aaron DiAntonio, Inés Díaz‐Laviada, María T. Diaz‐Meco, Javier Díaz‐Nido, Chad A. Dickey, Robert C. Dickson, Marc Diederich, Paul Digard, Ivan Đikić, Savithrama P. Dinesh-Kumar, Chan Ding, Wen-Xing Ding, Zufeng Ding, Luciana Dini, Jörg H. W. Distler, Abhinav Diwan, Mojgan Djavaheri‐Mergny, Kostyantyn Dmytruk, Renwick C. J. Dobson, Volker Doetsch, Karol Dokładny, Svetlana Dokudovskaya, Massimo Donadelli, Xiaonan Dong, Zheng Dong, Terrence M. Donohue, Kelly S. Doran, Gabriella D’Orazi, Gerald W. Dorn, Victor Dosenko, Sami Dridi, Liat Drucker, Li‐Lin Du, André du Toit, Priyamvada Dua, Lei Duan, Pu Duann, Vikash Kumar Dubey, Michael R. Duchen, Michel A. Duchosal, Hélène Duez, Isabelle Dugail, Verónica I. Dumit, Mara C. Duncan, Elaine A. Dunlop, William A. Dunn, Nicolas Dupont, Luc Dupuis, Raúl V. Durán, Thomas M. Durcan, Stéphane Duvezin‐Caubet, Umamaheswar Duvvuri, Vinay V. Eapen, Darius Ebrahimi‐Fakhari, Arnaud Échard, Leopold Eckhart, Charles L. Edelstein, Aimee L. Edinger, Ludwig Eichinger, Tobias Eisenberg, Avital Eisenberg‐Lerner, N. Tony Eissa, Wafik S. El‐Deiry, Victoria El‐Khoury, Zvulun Elazar, Hagit Eldar-Finkelman, Christopher Elliott, Enzo Emanuele, Urban Emmenegger, Nikolai Engedal, Anna‐Mart Engelbrecht, Simone Engelender, Jorrit M. Enserink, Ralf Erdmann, Rajaraman Eri, Jason L. Eriksen, Andreja Erman, Ricardo Escalante, Eeva‐Liisa Eskelinen, Lucile Espert, Lorena Esteban‐Martínez, Thomas J. Evans, Mario Fabri, Gemma Fabriàs, Cinzia Fabrizi, Antonio Facchiano, Nils J. Færgeman, Alberto Faggioni, W. Douglas Fairlie, Chunhai Fan, Daping Fan, Jie Fan, Shengyun Fang, Manolis Fanto, Alessandro Fanzani, Thomas Farkas, Mathias Faure, F. Favier, Howard O. Fearnhead, Massimo Federici, Erkang Fei, Tania C. Felizardo, Hua Feng, Yibin Feng, Yuchen Feng, Thomas A. Ferguson, Álvaro F. Fernández, Maite G. Fernández‐Barrena, José C. Fernández‐Checa, Arsenio Fernández‐López, Martín E. Fernández-Zapico, Olivier Féron, Elisabetta Ferraro, Carmen Veríssima Ferreira‐Halder, László Fésüs, Ralph Feuer, Fabienne C. Fiesel, Eduardo Cremonese Filippi‐Chiela, Giuseppe Filomeni, Gian María Fimia, John H. Fingert, Steven Finkbeiner, Toren Finkel, Filomena Fiorito, Paul B. Fisher, Marc Flajolet, Flavio Flamigni, Oliver Florey, Salvatore Florio, R. Andrés Floto, Marco Folini, Carlo Follo, Edward A. Fon, Francesco Fornai, Franco Fortunato, Alessandro Fraldi, Rodrigo Franco, Arnaud François, Aurélie François, Lisa B. Frankel, Iain D. C. Fraser, Norbert Frey, Damien G. Freyssenet, Christian Frezza, Scott L. Friedman, Daniel E. Frigo, Dongxu Fu, José M. Fuentes, Juàn Fueyo, Yoshio Fujitani, Yuuki Fujiwara, Mikihiro Fujiya, Mitsunori Fukuda, Simone Fulda, Carmela Fusco, Bożena Gabryel, Matthias Gaestel, Philippe Gailly, Małgorzata Gajewska, Sehamuddin Galadari, Gad Galili, Inmaculada Galindo, Marı́a F. Galindo, Giovanna Galliciotti, Luca Galluzzi, Vincent Galy, Noor Gammoh, Sam Gandy, Swamynathan Ganesan, Ian G. Ganley, Monique Gannagé, Fen‐Biao Gao, Feng Gao, Jianxin Gao, Eleonora Garcı́a Véscovi, Marina García‐Macía, Carmen García‐Ruiz, Abhishek D. Garg, Pramod Kumar Garg, Ricardo Gargini, Nils C. Gassen, Damián Gatica, Evelina Gatti, Julie Gavard, Evripidis Gavathiotis, Liang Ge, Pengfei Ge, Shengfang Ge, Po‐Wu Gean, Vania Gelmetti, Armando A. Genazzani, Jiefei Geng, Pascal Genschik, Lisa Gerner, Jason E. Gestwicki, David A. Gewirtz, Saeid Ghavami, Éric Ghigo, Debabrata Ghosh, Anna Maria Giammarioli, Francesca Giampieri, Claudia Giampietri, Alexandra Giatromanolaki, Derrick Gibbings, Lara Gibellini, Spencer B. Gibson, Vanessa Ginet, Antonio Giordano, Flaviano Giorgini, Elisa Giovannetti, Stephen E. Girardin, Suzana Gispert, Sandy Giuliano, Candece L. Gladson, Álvaro Glavic, Martin Gleave, Nelly Godefroy, Robert M. Gogal, Kuppan Gokulan, Gustavo H. Goldman, Delia Goletti, Michael S. Goligorsky, Aldrin V. Gomes, Lígia C. Gomes, Candelaria Gomez‐Manzano, Rubén Gómez‐Sánchez, Dawit A. P. Gonçalves, Ebru Göncü, Qingqiu Gong, Céline Gongora, Carlos B. González, Pilar González‐Cabo, Rosa A. González‐Polo, Ing Swie Goping, Carlos Gorbea, Nikolai V. Gorbunov, Daphne R. Goring, Adrienne M. Gorman, Sharon M. Gorski, Sandro Goruppi, Shino Goto‐Yamada, Cecilia Gotor, Roberta A. Gottlieb, Illana Gozes, Devrim Gözüaçık, Yacine Graba, Martin Graef, Giovanna Elvira Granato, Gary Grant, Steven Grant, Giovanni Luca Gravina, Douglas R. Green, Alexander Greenhough, Michael T. Greenwood, Benedetto Grimaldi, Frédéric Gros, Charles Grose, Jean‐François Groulx, Флориан Грубер, Paolo Grumati, Tilman Grune, Jun‐Lin Guan, Kun‐Liang Guan, Bárbara Guerra, Carlos Guillén, Kailash Gulshan, Jan Gunst, Chuanyong Guo, Lei Guo, Ming Guo, Xu‐Guang Guo, Andrea A. Gust, Åsa B. Gustafsson, Maximiliano G. Gutiérrez, Ho‐Shin Gwak, Albert Haas, James E. Haber, Shinji Hadano, Monica Hagedorn, David Hahn, Andrew J. Halayko, Anne Hamacher‐Brady, Kozo Hamada, Ahmed Hamaï, Andréa Hamann, Maho Hamasaki, Isabelle Hamer, Qutayba Hamid, Ester M. Hammond, Feng Han, Weidong Han, James T. Handa, John A. Hanover, Malene Hansen, Masaru Harada, Ljubica Harhaji‐Trajkovic, J. Wade Harper, Abdel Halim Harrath, Adrian L. Harris, James Harris, Udo Hasler, Peter Hasselblatt, Kazuhisa Hasui, Robert G. Hawley, Teresa S. Hawley, Congcong He, Cynthia Y. He, Fengtian He, Rong‐Rong He, Xian‐Hui He, You‐Wen He, Yu‐Ying He, Joan K. Heath, Marie‐Josée Hébert, Robert A. Heinzen, G. Vignir Helgason, Michael Hensel, Elizabeth P Henske, Chengtao Her, Paul K. Herman, Agustín Hernández, Carlos Hernández, Sonia Hernández‐Tiedra, Claudio Hetz, P. Robin Hiesinger, Katsumi Higaki, Sabine Hilfiker, Bradford G. Hill, Joseph A. Hill, William Hill, Keisuke Hino, Daniel Hofius, Paul Hofman, Günter U. Höglinger, Jörg Höhfeld, Marina K. Holz, Yong-Geun Hong, David A. Hood, Jeroen J.M. Hoozemans, Thorsten Hoppe, Chin Hsu, Dong Hu, Hong‐Ming Hu, Hongbo Hu, Ming Chang Hu, Yu‐Chen Hu, Zhuowei Hu, Fang Hua, Ya Hua, Canhua Huang, Huey-Lan Huang, Kuo‐How Huang, Shile Huang, Shiqian Huang, Wei‐Pang Huang, Yong Huang, Yunfei Huang, Tobias B. Huber, Patricia Huebbe, Won‐Ki Huh, Juha J. Hulmi, Gang Min Hur, James H. Hurley, Zvenyslava Husak, Sabah N. A. Hussain, Salik Hussain, Seungmin Hwang, Thomas I.S. Hwang, Atsuhiro Ichihara, Yuzuru Imai, Carol Imbriano, Megumi Inomata, Takeshi Into, Valentina Iovane, Juan Iovanna, Renato V. Iozzo, Nancy Y. Ip, Javier E. Irazoqui, Pablo Iribarren, Yoshitaka Isaka, Aleksandra Isaković, Harry Ischiropoulos, Jeffrey S. Isenberg, Mohammad Ishaq, H. Ishida, Isao Ishii, Jane E. Ishmael, Ciro Isidoro, K Isobe, Erika Isono, Shohreh Issazadeh‐Navikas, Koji Itahana, Eisuke Itakura, Andrei I. Ivanov, Anand Krishnan V. Iyer, José M. Izquierdo, Yotaro Izumi, Valentina Izzo, Marja Jäättelä, Nadia Jaber, Daniel J. Jackson, William T. Jackson, Tony George Jacob, Thomas S. Jacques, Chinnaswamy Jagannath, Ashish Jain, Nihar Ranjan Jana, Byoung Kuk Jang, Alkesh Jani, Bassam Janji, Paulo R. Jannig, Patric J. Jansson, Steve Jean, Marina Jendrach, Ju‐Hong Jeon, Niels Jessen, Eui‐Bae Jeung, Kailiang Jia, Lijun Jia, Hong Jiang, Liwen Jiang, Teng Jiang, Xiaoyan Jiang, Xuejun Jiang, Xuejun Jiang, Ying Jiang, Yong‐Jun Jiang, Alberto Jiménez, Hongchuan Jin, Lei Jin, Meiyan Jin, Shengkan Jin, Umesh K. Jinwal, Eun‐Kyeong Jo, Terje Johansen, Gail V.W. Johnson, James D. Johnson, Eric Jonasch, Chris Jones, Leo A. B. Joosten, Joaquı́n Jordán, Bertrand Joseph, Annie M. Joubert, Dianwen Ju, Jingfang Ju, Hsueh‐Fen Juan, Katrin Juenemann, Gábor Juhász, Hye Seung Jung, Jae U. Jung, Yong‐Keun Jung, Heinz Jungbluth, Matthew J. Justice, Barry Jutten, Nadeem O. Kaakoush, Kai Kaarniranta, Allen Kaasik, Tomohiro Kabuta, Bertrand Kaeffer, Katarina Kågedal, Alon Kahana, Shingo Kajimura, Or Kakhlon, Manjula Kalia, Dhan V. Kalvakolanu, Yoshiaki Kamada, Konstantinos Kambas, Vitaliy O. Kaminskyy, Harm H. Kampinga, Mustapha Kandouz, Chanhee Kang, Rui Kang, Tae‐Cheon Kang, Tomotake Kanki, Thirumala‐Devi Kanneganti, Haruo Kanno, Anumantha G. Kanthasamy, Marc Kantorow, Maria Kaparakis‐Liaskos, Orsolya Kapuy, Vassiliki Karantza, Md. Razaul Karim, Parimal Karmakar, Arthur Kaser, Susmita Kaushik, Thomas H. Kawula, A. Murat Kaynar, Zunji Ke, John H. Kehrl, Kate E. Keller, Jongsook Kim Kemper, Anne K. Kenworthy, Oliver Kepp, Andreas Kern, Santosh Kesari, David Kessel, Robin Ketteler, Ísis do Carmo Kettelhut, Bilon Khambu, Muzamil Majid Khan, Vinoth Kumar Megraj Khandelwal, Sangeeta Khare, Juliann G. Kiang, Amy A. Kiger, Akio Kihara, Arianna L. Kim, Cheol Hyeon Kim, Do‐Hyung Kim, Hye Young Kim, Hyung‐Ryong Kim, Jeong Hun Kim, Jin Cheon Kim, Jin Hyoung Kim, Kwang Woon Kim, Michael D. Kim, Moon‐Moo Kim, Peter K. Kim, Seong Who Kim, Soo‐Youl Kim, Yonghyun Kim, Adi Kimchi, Alec Kimmelman, Tomonori Kimura, Jason King, Karla Kirkegaard, Vladimir Kirkin, Lorrie A. Kirshenbaum, Shuji Kishi, Yasuo Kitajima, Katsuhiko Kitamoto, Yasushi Kitaoka, Kaio Kitazato, Rudolf A. Kley, Walter T. Klimecki, Michael Klinkenberg, Jochen Klucken, Helene Knævelsrud, Erwin Knecht, Laura Knuppertz, Jiunn‐Liang Ko, Satoru Kobayashi, Jan Christoph Koch, Christelle Koechlin‐Ramonatxo, Ulrich Koenig, Young Ho Koh, Katja Köhler, Sepp D. Kohlwein, Masato Koike, Masaaki Komatsu, Eiki Kominami, Dexin Kong, Hee Jeong Kong, Eumorphia G. Konstantakou, Benjamin T. Kopp, Tamás Korcsmáros, Laura Korhonen, Viktor I. Korolchuk, Nadya Koshkina, Yanjun Kou, Michael I. Koukourakis, Constantinos Koumenis, Tibor Kovács, Werner J. Kovacs, Daisuke Koya, Claudine Kraft, Dimitri Krainc, Helmut Krämer, Tamara Kravić-Stevović, Wilhelm Krek, Carole Kretz‐Remy, Roswitha Krick, Malathi Krishnamurthy, János Kriston-Vizi, Guido Kroemer, Michael C. Kruer, Rejko Krüger, Nicholas T. Ktistakis, Kazuyuki Kuchitsu, C. Kuhn, Addanki P. Kumar, Anuj Kumar, Ashok Kumar, Dhiraj Kumar, Sharad Kumar, Mondira Kundu, Hsing‐Jien Kung, Atsushi Kuno, Sheng‐Han Kuo, Jeff Kuret, Tino Kurz, Terry Kwok, Taeg Kyu Kwon, Yong Tae Kwon, Irene Kyrmizi, Albert R. La Spada, Frank Lafont, Tim Lahm, Aparna Lakkaraju, Truong Lam, Trond Lamark, Steve Lancel, Terry H. Landowski, Darius J.R. Lane, Jon D. Lane, Cinzia Lanzi, Pierre Lapaquette, Louis R. Lapierre, Jocelyn Laporte, Johanna Laukkarinen, Gordon W. Laurie, Sergio Lavandero, Lena Lavie, Matthew J. LaVoie, Hkw Law, Kelsey B. Law, Robert Layfield, Pedro A. Lazo, Laurent Le Cam, Hervé Le Stunff, Vijittra Leardkamolkarn, Marc Lecuit, Byung‐Hoon Lee, Erinna F. Lee, Gyun Min Lee, He-Jin Lee, Hsinyu Lee, Jong‐Dae Lee, Ju‐Hyun Lee, Jun Hee Lee, Michael Lee, Myung‐Shik Lee, Patty J. Lee, Sam W. Lee, Seung‐Jae Lee, Shiow‐Ju Lee, Stella Y. Lee, Sung Sik Lee, Sung‐Joon Lee, Ying‐Ray Lee, Yong J. Lee, Young Ho Lee, Christiaan Leeuwenburgh, Sylvain Lefort, Renaud Legouis, Qun‐Ying Lei, David A. Leib, Gil Leibowitz, István Lekli, Stéphane D. Lemaire, John J. Lemasters, Marius K. Lemberg, Antoinette Lemoine, Shuilong Leng, Guido Lenz, Paola Lenzi, Lilach O. Lerman, Daniele Lettieri‐Barbato, Julia I-Ju Leu, Hing Y. Leung, Beth Levine, Patrick A. Lewis, Frank Lezoualc’h, Chi Li, Faqiang Li, Fengjun Li, Jun Li, Lian Li, Min Li, Rui Li, Sheng Li, Wei Li, Wei Li, Xiaotao Li, Yumin Li, Jiqin Lian, Chengyu Liang, Qiangrong Liang, Yulin Liao, Joana Liberal, Paweł P. Liberski, Pearl P.Y. Lie, Andrew P. Lieberman, Kah‐Leong Lim, Kyu Lim, Raquel T. Lima, Chang‐Shen Lin, Chiou‐Feng Lin, Fang Lin, Fu‐Cheng Lin, Kwang‐Huei Lin, Pei‐Hui Lin, Wan‐Wan Lin, Yee-Shin Lin, Yong Lin, Rafael Linden, Dan Lindholm, Lisa Lindqvist, Paul Lingor, Andreas Linkermann, Lance A. Liotta, Marta M. Lipinski, Vitor A. Lira, Michael P. Lisanti, Paloma B. Liton, Bo Liu, Chun‐Feng Liu, Hung‐Jen Liu, Jianxun Liu, Jingjing Liu, Jinglan Liu, Ke Liu, Leyuan Liu, Liang Liu, Quentin Liu, Rong-Yu Liu, Shiming Liu, Shuwen Liu, Wei Liu, Liu X, Xinfeng Liu, Xu Liu, Xueqin Liu, Yule Liu, Zexian Liu, Zhe Liu, Juan P. Liuzzi, Gérard Lizard, Mila Ljujić, Irfan J. Lodhi, Susan E. Logue, Bal L. Lokeshwar, Yun Long, Sagar Lonial, Ben Loos, Carlos López-Otı́n, Cristina López‐Vicario, Mar Lorente, Philip L. Lorenzi, Péter Lőrincz, Marek Łoś, Michael T. Lotze, Penny E. Lovat, Binfeng Lu, Jiahong Lu, Qing Lu, Shemin Lu, Shuyan Lu, Yingying Lü, Frédéric Luciano, Shirley Luckhart, John M. Lucocq, Paula Ludovico, Aurelia Lugea, Nicholas W. Lukacs, Julian J. Lum, Anders H. Lund, Honglin Luo, Jia Luo, Shouqing Luo, Claudio Luparello, Timothy J. Lyons, Jianjie Ma, Yi Ma, Yong Ma, Zhenyi Ma, Gláucia Maria Machado‐Santelli, Fernando Macián, Gustavo C. MacIntosh, Jeffrey P. MacKeigan, Kay F. Macleod, John D. MacMicking, Lee Ann MacMillan-Crow, Frank Madeo, Muniswamy Madesh, Julio Madrigal‐Matute, Akiko Maeda, Tatsuya Maeda, Gustavo Maegawa, Emilia Maellaro, Hannelore Maes, Marta Magariños, Kenneth Maiese, Tapas K. Maiti, Luigi Maiuri, Maria Chiara Maiuri, Carl G. Maki, Roland Malli, Walter Malorni, Alina Maloyan, Fathia Mami‐Chouaib, Na Man, Joseph D. Mancias, Eva‐Maria Mandelkow, Michael A. Mandell, Angelo A. Manfredi, Serge N. Manié, Claudia Manzoni, Kai Mao, Zixu Mao, Zong‐Wan Mao, Philippe Marambaud, Anna Maria Marconi, Zvonimir Marelja, Gabriella Marfè, Marta Margeta, Éva Margittai, Muriel Mari, Francesca V. Mariani, Concepció Marı́n, Sara Marinelli, Guillermo Mariño, Ivanka Marković, Rebecca T. Marquez, Alberto M. Martelli, Sascha Martens, Katie R. Martin, Séamus J. Martin, Miguel A. Martín-Acebes, Paloma Martín‐Sanz, Camille Martinand-Mari, Wim Martinet, Jennifer Martinez, Ubaldo Martinez‐Outschoorn, Moisés Martínez‐Velázquez, Marta Martínez‐Vicente, Waleska K. Martins, Hirosato Mashima, James A. Mastrianni, Giuseppe Matarese, Paola Matarrese, Roberto Mateo, Satoaki Matoba, Naomichi Matsumoto, Takehiko Matsushita, Akira Matsuura, Takeshi Matsuzawa, Mark P. Mattson, Soledad Matus, Norma Maugeri, Caroline Mauvezin, Andreas Mayer, Dušica Maysinger, Guillermo Mazzolini, Mary Kate McBrayer, Kimberly McCall, Craig McCormick, Gerald M. McInerney, Skye C McIver, Sharon L. McKenna, Iain A. McNeish, Fatima Mechta‐Grigoriou, Jan Paul Medema, Diego L. Medina, Klára Megyeri, Maryam Mehrpour, Jawahar L. Mehta, Yide Mei, Ute‐Christiane Meier, Alfred J. Meijer, Alicia Meléndez, Sonia Melino, Édesio José Tenório de Melo, María A. Mena, Marc D. Meneghini, Javier A. Menéndez, Regina Menezes, Liesu Meng, Ling‐Hua Meng, Songshu Meng, Rossella Menghini, A. Sue Menko, Rubem F. S. Menna‐Barreto, M. Menon, Marco Antonio Meraz‐Ríos, Giuseppe Merla, Luciano Merlini, Angelica M. Merlot, Andreas Meryk, Stefania Meschini, Joel N. Meyer, Mantian Mi, Chao‐Yu Miao, Lucia Micale, Simon Michaeli, Carine Michiels, Anna Ritá Migliaccio, Anastasia S. Mihailidou, Dalibor Mijaljica, Katsuhiko Mikoshiba, Enrico Milan, Leonor Miller‐Fleming, Ian G. Mills, Georgia Minakaki, Berge A. Minassian, Xiu‐Fen Ming, F. V. Minibayeva, Elena A. Minina, Justine D. Mintern, Saverio Minucci, Antonio Miranda‐Vizuete, Claire H. Mitchell, Shigeki Miyamoto, Keisuke Miyazawa, Noboru Mizushima, Katarzyna Mnich, Baharia Mograbi, Simin Mohseni, Luís F. Moita, Marco Molinari, Maurizio Molinari, Andreas Möller, Bertrand Mollereau, Faustino Mollinedo, Marco Mongillo, Martha M. Monick, Serena Montagnaro, Craig Montell, Darren J. Moore, Michael N. Moore, Rodrigo Mora-Rodríguez, Paula I. Moreira, Étienne Morel, Maria Beatrice Morelli, Sandra Moreno, Michael J. Morgan, Arnaud Moris, Yuji Moriyasu, Janna L. Morrison, Lynda A. Morrison, Eugenia Morselli, Jorge Moscat, Pope Moseley, Serge Mostowy, Elisa Motori, Denis Mottet, Jeremy C. Mottram, Charbel Moussa, Vassiliki Mpakou, Hasan Mukhtar, Jean M. Mulcahy Levy, Sylviane Muller, Raquel Muñoz-Moreno, Cristina Muñoz‐Pinedo, Christian Münz, Maureen E. Murphy, James T. Murray, Aditya Murthy, Indira U. Mysorekar, Ivan R. Nabi, Massimo Nabissi, Gustavo A. Nader, Yukitoshi Nagahara, Yoshitaka Nagai, Kazuhiro Nagata, Anika Nagelkerke, Péter Nagy, Samisubbu R. Naidu, Sreejayan Nair, Hiroyasu Nakano, Hitoshi Nakatogawa, Meera Nanjundan, Gennaro Napolitano, Naweed I. Naqvi, Roberta Nardacci, Derek P. Narendra, Masashi Narita, Anna Chiara Nascimbeni, Ramesh Natarajan, Luiz Carlos Carvalho Navegantes, Steffan T. Nawrocki, Taras Y. Nazarko, Volodymyr Y. Nazarko, Thomas Neill, Luca M. Neri, Mihai G. Netea, Romana T. Netea‐Maier, Bruno Miguel Neves, Paul A. Ney, Ioannis P. Nezis, Hang Thi Thu Nguyen, Huu Phuc Nguyen, Anne-Sophie Nicot, Hilde Nilsen, Per Nilsson, Mikio Nishimura, Ichizo Nishino, Mireia Niso-Santano, Hua Niu, Ralph A. Nixon, Vincent C.O. Njar, Takeshi Noda, Angelika A. Noegel, Elsie Nolte, Erik Norberg, Koen Norga, Sakineh Kazemi Noureini, Shoji Notomi, Lucia Notterpek, Karin Nowikovsky, Nobuyuki Nukina, Thorsten Nürnberger, Valerie B. O’Donnell, Tracey R. O’Donovan, Peter J. O’Dwyer, Ina Oehme, Clara L. Oeste, Michinaga Ogawa, Besim Öğretmen, Yuji Ogura, Young J. Oh, Masaki Ohmuraya, Takayuki Ohshima, Rani Ojha, Koji Okamoto, Toshiro Okazaki, F. Javier Oliver, Karin Öllinger, Stefan Olsson, Daniel P. Orban, Paulina Ordóñez, Idil Orhon, László Orosz, Eyleen J. O’Rourke, Helena Orozco, Ángel Ortega, Elena Ortona, Laura D. Osellame, Shigeru Oshima, Heinz D. Osiewacz, Takanobu Otomo, Kinya Otsu, Jing-hsiung James Ou, Tiago F. Outeiro, Dong‐Yun Ouyang, Hongjiao Ouyang, Michael Overholtzer, Michelle A. Ozbun, P. Hande Özdi̇nler, Bülent Özpolat, Consiglia Pacelli, Paolo Paganetti, Guylène Page, Gilles Pagès, Ugo Pagnini, Beata Pająk, Stephen C. 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Promponas, Karin Przyklenk, Rosa Puertollano, Subbiah Pugazhenthi, Luigi Puglielli, Aurora Pujol, Julien Puyal, Dohun Pyeon, Xin Qi, Wenbin Qian, Zheng-Hong Qin, Yu Qiu, Ziwei Qu, Joe Quadrilatero, Frederick D. Quinn, Nina Raben, Hannah Rabinowich, Flavia Radogna, Michael J. Ragusa, Mohamed Rahmani, Komal Raina, Sasanka Ramanadham, Rajagopal Ramesh, Abdelhaq Rami, Sarron Randall‐Demllo, Felix Randow, Hai Rao, V Ashutosh Rao, Blake B. Rasmussen, Tobias M. Rasse, Edward A. Ratovitski, Pierre‐Emmanuel Rautou, Swapan K. Ray, Babak Razani, Bruce H. Reed, Fulvio Reggiori, Markus Rehm, Andreas S. Reichert, Theo Rein, David J. Reiner, Eric A. Reits, Jun Ren, Xingcong Ren, Maurizio Renna, Jane E.B. Reusch, José Luis Revuelta, Leticia Reyes, Alireza R. Rezaie, Robert I. Richards, Des R. Richardson, Clémence Richetta, Michael A. Riehle, Bertrand H. Rihn, Yasuko Rikihisa, Brigit E. Riley, Gerald Rimbach, Maria Rita Rippo, Konstantinos Ritis, Federica Rizzi, Elizete Rizzo, Peter J. 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Bibliographic record
VenueAutophagy · 2016
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicAutophagy in Disease and Therapy
Canadian institutionsLibin Cardiovascular Institute of AlbertaSunnybrook HospitalUniversity of CalgaryConcordia UniversityUniversity of WaterlooCanada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences CentreTerry Fox Research InstituteInstitute for Research in Immunology and CancerManitoba HealthYork UniversityInnovation and Economic Development Trois RivièresBC Cancer AgencyUniversity Health NetworkUniversity of AlbertaUniversity of British ColumbiaCancerCare ManitobaUniversity of ManitobaPrevention of Organ FailureUniversité LavalCentre hospitalier universitaire de QuébecJewish General HospitalSimon Fraser UniversityDalhousie UniversityUniversity of OttawaMcGill UniversityUniversité du Québec à Trois-RivièresMcGill University Health CentreLunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research InstituteSt. Paul's HospitalWestern UniversityHospital for Sick ChildrenRoyal Military College of CanadaUniversité de MontréalMontreal Neurological Institute and HospitalUniversité de SherbrookeUniversité du Québec à MontréalMcMaster UniversityUniversity of TorontoSunnybrook Health Science CentreInstitute of Infection and Immunity
FundersEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentNational Institute on Minority Health and Health DisparitiesNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesNational Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin DiseasesNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesNational Institute on Drug AbuseNational Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and AlcoholismNational Eye InstituteNational Center for Complementary and Integrative HealthNational Institute for Health and Care ResearchNational Institute on AgingNational Cancer InstituteWellcome TrustCancer Research UKBiotechnology and Biological Sciences Research CouncilNational Center for Research ResourcesNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesMedical Research CouncilBrain Tumour CharityNational Institutes of HealthU.S. Department of Veterans AffairsSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungNovo Nordisk FondenDoris Duke Charitable FoundationNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in ResearchParkinson's UKLundbeckfondenAction Medical ResearchNational Institute of General Medical Sciences
KeywordsAutophagyAutophagosomeBiologyCell biologyVacuolePhagosomeATG8Multicellular organismBiogenesisIntracellularCellBiochemistryCytoplasm
Abstract
0
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.017
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.024
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: Not applicable
GenreCandidate signal: Methods · Consensus signal: Methods
Teacher disagreement score0.102
Threshold uncertainty score0.341
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.017 | 0.024 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.102 | 0.171 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.111
GPT teacher head0.374
Teacher spread0.262 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreMethods
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations5,992
Published2016
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes