Bibliographic record
Abstract
Trail surface information is critical in preventing from the mountain accidents such as falls and slips. In this paper, we propose a new mobile crowdsensing system that automatically infers whether trail segments are risky to climb by using sensor data collected from multiple hikers’ smartphones. We extract cyclic gait-based features from walking motion data to train machine learning models, and multiple hikers’ results are then aggregated for robust classification. We evaluate our system with two real-world datasets. First, we collected data from 14 climbers for a mountain trail which includes 13 risky segments. The average accuracy of individuals is approximately 80%, but after clustering the results, our system can accurately identify all the risky segments. We then collected an additional dataset from five climbers in two different mountain trails, which have 10 risky segments in total. Our results show that the model trained in one trail can be used to accurately identify all the risky segments in the other trail, which documents the generalizability of our system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.124 | 0.092 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".