Immunohistochemical expression of human tissue kallikreins in neoplasms of various organs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
4358 Human tissue kallikreins are members of a large multigene family of fifteen serine proteases (the genes designated as KLK1–KLK15 and their encoded proteins as hK1–hK15). In addition to the established role of hK3 (PSA) in prostate cancer, many members of the KLK gene family have been proposed as new biomarkers for other cancers, including breast, ovarian and testicular cancer. Most studies are based on quantitative methods and especially, RT-PCR and ELISA measurements. Recently, we have immunohistochemically evaluated most of the above hKs in normal and malignant tissues. In general, most hKs were immunohistochemically revealed in a variety of tissues, indicating that these proteins are not tissue-specific (except for hK2 and hK3 which have prostate-restricted expression). It is worth mentioning that tumors arising from tissues expressing hKs, also showed an immunohistochemical expression (IE). As glandular epithelia constitute the main IE sites, all hKs were expressed in adenocarcinomas of the stomach, colon, pancreas, breast, ovary and prostate. This finding implicates kallikreins in the progression of cancer. Furthermore, urothelial carcinomas, papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas, gliomas, prolactinomas and hormone-producing pancreatic tumors showed variable kallikrein immunoexpression. In series of prostate, renal cell, colon and urothelial carcinomas, we have studied the correlation of hK IE with the histological type and clinical behavior of these tumors. Our main findings were that the IE of several hKs had a positive correlation with the histological grade and pathological stage of colon, renal cell and prostate cancer. Furthermore, some hKs were independent unfavorable predictors of overall survival for these carcinomas. The hK IE in urothelial carcinomas was variable, without any statistically significant correlation with histological grade or pathological stage. We conclude that it is now possible to immunohistochemically localize many kallikreins in diverse malignancies for the purpose of evaluating these molecules as prognostic and predictive biomarkers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".