Powassan Virus and Other Tick-Borne Pathogens from Wildlife and Companion Animals in Southern Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objectives of the present research were to survey potential vertebrate host and tick species for evidence of infections with POWV and other arthropod-borne pathogens including West Nile virus, Heartland virus, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia microti, Borrelia miyamotoi, B. burgdorferi and Ehrlichia chaffeensis in mammalian wildlife, dogs and ticks in southern Ontario. During the summers of 2015-2016, ticks and tissues were collected from carcasses of free-ranging, medium-sized mammals; blood and ticks were collected from live-trapped mammals, and ticks removed from dogs were collected from local veterinary clinics. Albeit rarely, evidence of the presence of POWV was found both by polymerase chain reaction in ticks and serological tests in groundhogs (Marmota monax) and striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis). Evidence of A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi was also rarely detected in Ixodes scapularis ticks. These findings emphasize the importance of both broad and targeted surveillance strategies for investigating emerging tick-borne diseases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".