Wpływ wielkich klęsk żywiołowych na system i rynek ubezpieczeń w Polsce w okresie międzywojennym
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article is an attempt to present the problem of natural disasters and their influence on the economy and the functioning of insurance market during the interwar period in Poland. The author reveals the picture of Poland which grappling a number of issues like unifying the legislature of the country or rebuilding the economy deteriorated by the war, was to increase its expenditure in the aftermath of natural disasters. The disasters which together with various economic turbulence depict Poland as the one having to face some struggles on average every three years. As early as in 1921 the whole territory of Poland was struck by scorching heats resulting in huge loses in its economy, especially in agriculture. Half of the twenties, it is the period of raging inflation but also a struggle with the flood which had been the greatest natural disaster on the territory of Poland for over three centuries. Years 1926-1929 were the time of the heyday of Polish economy of the interwar period. Poland suffered first signs of economic breakdown in 1929, however, earlier in summer 1928, it faced a tornado raging over Poland destroying houses, obliterating forests and claiming lives of many. Similar outcome was brought about in 1931 in the area of Lublin where a hurricane of unprecedented force ravaged the land. The turn of the year 1928/29 marked itself in the history of our nation as the winter of the century. Another flood ravaged Poland in 1934 when Poland still not fully recovered after the economy collapse caused by the great depression. The flood has caused losses exceeding 84 million zlotys. In the article the author also presents changes in the binding legislature forced by the disasters and above all the bill concerning fire and other natural disasters prevention. The bill which due to the participation of the insurers allowed the fire brigades and firefighter depots to develop so that the society and its property could be safeguarded against the disasters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".