An Extreme Protocluster of Luminous Dusty Starbursts in the Early Universe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We report the identification of an extreme protocluster of galaxies in the early universe whose core (nicknamed Distant Red Core, DRC, because of its very red color in Herschel SPIRE bands) is formed by at least 10 dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs), spectroscopically confirmed to lie at z spec = 4.002 via detection of [C i ](1–0), 12 CO(6–5), 12 CO(4–3), 12 CO(2–1), and H 2 O ( 2 11 – 2 02 ) emission lines with ALMA and ATCA. These DSFGs are distributed over a 260 kpc × 310 kpc region and have a collective obscured star formation rate (SFR) of ∼ 6500 M ⊙ yr − 1 , considerably higher than those seen before in any protocluster at z ≳ 4 . Most of the star formation is taking place in luminous DSFGs since no Ly α emitters are detected in the protocluster core, apart from a Ly α blob located next to one of the DRC components, extending over 60 kpc . The total obscured SFR of the protocluster could rise to SFR ∼ 14,400 M ⊙ yr − 1 if all the members of an overdensity of bright DSFGs discovered around DRC in a wide-field Large APEX BOlometer CAmera 870 μ m image are part of the same structure. [C i ](1–0) emission reveals that DRC has a total molecular gas mass of at least M H 2
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".