Rapid initial recovery and long‐term persistence of a bee community in a former landfill
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The effects of habitat restoration are usually studied using cross‐sectional comparisons of species assemblages among sites of various ages or disturbance levels. Longitudinal studies, however, are necessary for detecting long‐term responses to habitat restoration and for understanding annual demographic variation. To investigate the time course of bee community restoration in sites previously made uninhabitable by anthropogenic disturbance, we studied a former landfill site for 10 years from initial revegetation in 2003 until 2013, comparing two restored sites with three nearby, undisturbed control sites. We used permutational multivariate analysis of variance and generalised additive mixed models to investigate how bee abundance and species richness varied over time (years), between seasons and between restoration levels. Landfill restoration and the creation of foraging and nesting habitat resulted in rapid and persistent occupation by bees, suggesting that efforts to restore bee communities can be successful when a source of colonists exists nearby. Based on earlier studies, we predicted that in restored sites there would be an initial rapid increase in bee abundance and species richness, followed by a decline to a stable intermediate level. This prediction was supported as bee abundance and species richness in restored sites increased until 2006/2007 and subsequently declined. In control sites, there were significant declines in abundance and species richness over time, despite a lack of anthropogenic disturbance. Possible contributors are changing weather patterns, especially severe droughts; plant community succession resulting in loss of bare ground for nesting sites; and increasing suburbanisation of the surrounding landscape.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it