Social and geographical mobility among the Irish in Canada and the United States, a comparative study of Toronto, Ontario, and Buffalo, New York, 1880-1910
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This dissertation explores the urban settlement and adaptation experiences of the Irish in Canada and the United States, using Toronto and Buffalo as case studies. The period 1880–1910 was studied since it has been identified as a key transitional phase not only in North American urban-industrial history, but also in terms of the formation of Irish urban middle-classes. Toronto and Buffalo were chosen with regard to their sizeable Irish populations and their capacity to represent urban society in Canada and the United States respectively. The dissertation firstly profiled the socioeconomic fortunes of multi generational samples of Irish households in both cities c. 1880. Although both places possessed Protestant elites and similar numbers of Irish-born in 1880, they differed in terms of industrialization, social atmosphere, and ethnic structure. While religion divided the Toronto Irish, those in Buffalo were mostly Catholic, and were affected more by Famine and post-Famine immigration than the former city. Residential clustering of the Irish was present in both cities in 1880, on a larger scale in Buffalo, but the pattern was mainly one of ongoing residential dispersion and integration, while homeownership attainment levels were similar in both cities. For a variety of reasons, the Irish in both cities demonstrated high rates of out-migration over the period, to a slightly larger extent in Buffalo. In any case, escape from unskilled work for the sons of Irish labourers was confirmed in both cities. The Buffalo Irish demonstrated a slightly greater capacity than those in Toronto did to move into middle-class occupations. They also, through municipal influence mobilized at the ward level, put many of their co-ethnics into public sector jobs. Politics in Toronto did not allow Irish Catholics similar privileges; the Orange Order link with city hall instead benefited Irish Protestants. Finally, the residential mobility study demonstrated the on-going process of residential integration of the Irish in both cities. In Buffalo, however, the ethnic geography of the city had a mediating influence on Irish residential choice, while the enduring Irish flavour of the First Ward contrasted with the disappearance of Irish Catholic clusters in Toronto.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".