Two-dimensional landmark analysis of Spinocyrtid brachiopods of Euramerica during the Givetian
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent inquiry into the nomenclature of several species within Spinocyrtia has led to questions concerning name applicability and validity, particularly whether Delthyris granulosa and Spinocyrtia (Spirifer) granulosa are synonymous. This study utilized two-dimensional outline landmark analysis, a form of geometric morphometric analysis, to evaluate interspecific variation among these species. I took over a thousand photographs of over a hundred specimens of brachiopods belonging to the family Spinocyrtiidae. Ninety-six specimens originated from the Givetian outcrop belt of New York state, three were from northwestern Ohio, there was single Canadian specimen, and there was a single German specimen. The results from these analyses indicate that the mophospaces of Spinocyrtia (Spirifer) congesta, S. (Spirifer) granulosa, and S?. (Spirifer) marcyi are statistically (p < 0.05) distinct from one another.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".