Resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins in Enterobacteriaceae from chickens, dogs, and pigs in Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Little information is available on resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) in Enterobacteriaceae from animals in Canada. The study objectives were to determine the frequency of ESC resistance in clinical, cecal, and fecal isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from chickens, dogs, and pigs in Ontario using selective and non-selective methods, and characterize the ESC resistance genes. All isolates were tested for ESC susceptibility and resistant ones were screened for major ESC resistance gene families. Most ESC-resistant isolates were E. coli and blaCMY was the most frequent gene family followed by blaCTX-M for all three animal species. There were high frequencies of intestinal carriage of ESC-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in all three animal species. Whole-genome sequencing of canine and swine CTX-M-positive isolates identified a diversity of sequence types, including human pandemic clones. The blaCTX-M variants found in this study provide evidence supporting horizontal gene transfer of ESC-resistant bacteria and their genes between humans and these animals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".