Tracing Industrial Nitrogen and Sulfur Emissions in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region using Stable Isotopes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The rapid development in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) in northeastern Alberta, Canada, has raised concerns about the impact of the industrial emissions on the surrounding terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Stable isotope techniques may help to trace the transport and fate of industrial emissions provided that they are isotopically distinct from background isotope ratios in environmental receptors. In order to trace nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) emissions released by the oil sands industry, chemical and isotopic compositions of various N and S compounds in emissions, in atmospheric deposition, and in several environmental receptors were determined. It was found that &#948;<sup>18</sup>O values of nitrate and sulfate and &#916;<sup>17</sup>O values of nitrate are indicators that constitute excellent new monitoring tools for tracing industrial N and S emissions in the surrounding environment. Application of quantitative and qualitative stable isotope tracers revealed that industrial N and S emissions were observable in the surrounding environment within ca. 30km distance to the major emission sources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".