Tracing Industrial Nitrogen and Sulfur Emissions in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region using Stable Isotopes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The rapid development in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) in northeastern Alberta, Canada, has raised concerns about the impact of the industrial emissions on the surrounding terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Stable isotope techniques may help to trace the transport and fate of industrial emissions provided that they are isotopically distinct from background isotope ratios in environmental receptors. In order to trace nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) emissions released by the oil sands industry, chemical and isotopic compositions of various N and S compounds in emissions, in atmospheric deposition, and in several environmental receptors were determined. It was found that δ18O values of nitrate and sulfate and Δ17O values of nitrate are indicators that constitute excellent new monitoring tools for tracing industrial N and S emissions in the surrounding environment. Application of quantitative and qualitative stable isotope tracers revealed that industrial N and S emissions were observable in the surrounding environment within ca. 30km distance to the major emission sources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".