Natural occurrence of Diplostomum sp. (Digenea: Diplostomatidae) in adult mudpuppies and bullfrog tadpoles from the St. Lawrence River, Québec.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Adult mudpuppies (Necturus maculosus) and bullfrog tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana) infected with the eyefluke Diplostomum s in the lenses were collected from the St. Lawrence River, Quebec, Canada. Respective prevalence and mean abundance of Diplostomum sp. were 100 % and 3.1 ± 1.7 in Lake St. Francois, 58.3 % and 1.5 ± 1.8 in Lake St. Louis, and 53.8 % and 0.7 ± 0.8 in Lake St. Pierre. No eyeflukes were observed in mudpuppies from the Richelieu River. Prevalence and mean abundance of Diplostomum sp. were significantly higher in mudpuppies from Lake St. Francois than in those from other sites. The high prevalence and abundance in Lake St. Francois may be because the regulated water levels may enhance snail intermediate host habitats. There was a significant negative correlation between mudpuppy length and number of eyeflukes per host when samples were pooled from the 3 sites where Diplostomum sp. was found. Mean length of infected mudpuppies from those 3 sites was significantly smaller than uninfected ones. Twenty-four (28 %) of 86 mudpuppies had cataracts associated with infections of eyeflukes. Prevalence and mean abundance of Diplostomum sp. in bullfrog tadpoles collected from Lake St. Pierre were 14.3 % and 0.1 ± 0.4 parasite per animal, much lower than observed for mudpuppies from the same lake. Higher occurrence of eyeflukes in mudpuppies compared with tadpoles is attributed to the greater age and more sedentary benthic nature of mudpuppies. This is the first report of amphibians naturally infected with Diplostomum sp. and only the second with eyeflukes in general.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".