Low Power and Small Area, 6.9 ps RMS Time-to-Digital Converter for 3-D Digital SiPM
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Time-of-flight measurements are becoming essential to the advancement of several fields, such as preclinical positron emission tomography and high energy physics. Recent developments in single photon avalanche diode (SPAD)-based detectors have spawned a great interest in digital silicon photomultipliers (dSiPMs). To overcome the tradeoff between the photosensitive area and the processing capabilities in current 2-D dSiPM, we propose a novel 3-D digital SiPM, where the SPAD, designed for maximal photosensitive area, will be stacked in 3-D over the electronic circuits, designed in a CMOS node technology. All readout circuits will be implemented directly under the SPAD real estate, including quenching circuit, time-to-digital converter (TDC) and digital readout electronics. This paper focusses on the TDC element of this system, designed in TSMC CMOS 65 nm. This ring oscillator-based Vernier TDC requires only 25 × 50 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and 160 μW, and achieves 6.9 ps rms timing accuracy.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it