Synthesis of Phosphonates via Michaelis-Arbuzov Reaction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction has played a key role for the synthesis of dialkyl or diaryl phosphonates by reacting various alkyl or aryl halides with trialkyl or triaryl phosphite. This reaction is very versatile in the formation of P-C bond from the reaction of aliphatic halides with phosphinites or phosphites to yield phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphine oxides. The Arbuzov reaction developed some methodologies, possible mechanistic pathways, selectivity, potential applications and biologically active various phosphonates. Objective: The synthesis of phosphonates via Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction with many new and fascinating methodologies were developed and disclosed in the literature, and these are explored in this review. Conclusion: This review has discussed past developments and vast potential applications of Arbuzov reaction in the synthesis of organophosphonates. As presented in this review, various synthetic methodologies were developed to prepare a large variety of phosphonates. Improvements in the reaction conditions of Lewis-acid mediated Arbuzov rearrangement as well as the development of MW-assisted Arbuzov rearrangement were discussed. Finally, to achieve high selectivities and yields, fine-tuning of reaction conditions including solvent type, temperature, and optimal reaction times to be considered.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".