Flexible hydrogel actuated graphene-cellulose biosensor for monitoring pH
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The level of pH in body fluids can indicate the onset of infection or a chronic condition. A mechanically flexible pH sensitive graphene-cellulose interdigitated capacitive (IDC) biosensor for monitoring acidity in various types of body fluids is introduced in this paper. The planar IDC is printed on a nonrigid polymer substrate material and coated with a very thin passivation layer to prevent an electrical short with the material under test. The electrically conductive ink is synthesized by using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to suspend hydrophobic graphene (G) sheets in a water-based solvent. Once deposited on the substrate the conductivity of the printed G-CMC IDC electrodes is increased using thermal reduction. To enable the biosensor to respond to changes in fluid acidity, a biocompatible pH-sensitive chitosan hydrogel is immobilized on the IDC electrodes. As the hydrogel responds to changes in pH, the gel swells or de-swells over the interdigitated electrodes causing a measureable change in circuit capacitance. Issues associated with mechanical and chemical stability are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".