Permeability of wormholes created by CO2-acidized water flow through stressed carbonate rocks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sequestration of CO2 relies on the storage capabilities of the deep geologic setting throughout the lifetime of the storage activity. Preferred storage horizons are largely composed of sandstone, which is considered to be chemically inert to the injected CO2. Carbonate rocks and carbonate zones existing as seams or lenses in sandstone formations are, however, prone to chemical alteration during reactive flows of CO2-acidized water that can be created by the mixing of the injected CO2 with either fresh or saline water present in a storage horizon. Reactive flows can erode the fabric of carbonate rocks leading to the creation of high permeability pathways that are referred to as wormholes. The paper first examines the generation of wormholes in cylindrical samples of calcium carbonate-rich Indiana Limestone that are subjected to geostatic stress states representative of deep sequestration sites. The leakage potential of the wormhole is examined by appeal to computational fluid dynamics simulations of Stokes’ flow in wormhole features and an elementary approach involving Stokes’ flow-based hydraulic diameter concept in cylindrical pathways with deviating segments, representing the passages for flow in a wormhole.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".