Sustainable water management in Kuwait: Current situation and possible correctional measures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Kuwait, an arid country, has no surface source of useable water. It mainly depends on desalination plants for its freshwater needs. Brackish groundwater (salinity <5000 ppm) is used for irrigation and mixing with desalinated water. At the current rate of increase in demand for freshwater, large investment is necessary at close intervals to augment the desalination capacity of the country. With very little natural replenishment, the aquifers yielding the brackish water are also under great stress. Management of both supply and demand is necessary to solve these problems. In addition to the increase in desalination capacity, supply may be augmented by the increased use of renovated wastewater, storage of seasonally higher supply of usable water in the aquifers through artificial recharge, establishment of integrated water transport network through the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and exploration of new useable groundwater resources both onshore and offshore. Possible new sources of water are harvesting of rainfall runoff in the wadis and depressions and runoff carried by the storm water network within the urban areas, moisture recovery from the vadose zone, and the paleo-groundwater possibly preserved under the Arabian Gulf. Demand may be curbed through maintaining lower pressure in the water network and some form of rationing, reduction of network loss through adoption of appropriate measures, implementation of updated water code that will help in saving water, control of population through tighter immigration measures and reduction in government subsidy. Finally, water authorities should take steps to increase public awareness about all aspects of water management outlined before in real earnest.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".