Design of a low-complexity wideband analog true-time-delay 5-beam array in 65nm CMOS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Non-squinting wideband analog multi-beamformer is proposed using true time delay (TTD) element delay Vandermonde matrix (DVM). Efficient realization of the DVM is achieved by sparse factorization, which leads to low-complexity hardware implementations (i.e. less number of delay blocks). It is shown that the proposed approach saves 36 TTD elements in a 5-beam multi-beamformer (4-beams corresponding to the 4-point DVM plus the direct sum beam) giving rise to a 60% reduction of hardware in the design compared to the direct implementation. Proposed low-complexity 5-beam multi-beamformer uses all-pass filters as the delay element and measured S-parameters from a fabricated 65 nm CMOS all-pass filter is used to compute the array patterns of the proposed design in the 1.6-2.4 GHz range.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".