Design of a low-complexity wideband analog true-time-delay 5-beam array in 65nm CMOS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Non-squinting wideband analog multi-beamformer is proposed using true time delay (TTD) element delay Vandermonde matrix (DVM). Efficient realization of the DVM is achieved by sparse factorization, which leads to low-complexity hardware implementations (i.e. less number of delay blocks). It is shown that the proposed approach saves 36 TTD elements in a 5-beam multi-beamformer (4-beams corresponding to the 4-point DVM plus the direct sum beam) giving rise to a 60% reduction of hardware in the design compared to the direct implementation. Proposed low-complexity 5-beam multi-beamformer uses all-pass filters as the delay element and measured S-parameters from a fabricated 65 nm CMOS all-pass filter is used to compute the array patterns of the proposed design in the 1.6-2.4 GHz range.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".