All-digital ΔΣ TDC with differential bi-directional gated-delay-line time integrator
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a fully differential bi-directional gated delay line (BD-GDL) time integrator and its application in an all-digital first-order ΔΣ time-to-digital converter (TDC). The BD-GDL time integrator performs simultaneous time integration and multi-bit quantization, allowing rapid time integration and quantization with minimum power consumption. The nonlinearity of the BD-GDL time integrator is examined in detail. An all-digital first-order ΔΣ TDC utilizing the proposed DB-GDL time integrator was designed in an IBM 130 nm 1.2 V CMOS technology. A sinusoidal time input of 430 ps amplitude and 231 kHz frequency is digitized by the TDC with 25 MHz sampling frequency. The figure-of-merit (FOM) of the TDC is 8.03 fJ, outperforming known all-digital ΔΣ TDCs.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".