Influence of major fault zones on 3D ground deformations caused by open pit block cave interactions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Surface mining operations are increasingly transitioning to underground mass mining operations like block caving to extend the life of the mine. The presence of the open pit above the developing block cave will lead to complex stress–strain interactions, pit slope movements and ground deformations that may extend beyond the periphery of the pit, potentially having an adverse effect on mine infrastructure and operations within the zone of disturbance. These can be further complicated by major fault zones that crosscut the mine property. Experiences at the Palabora Copper Mine in South Africa provide one such example of a transition to block cave mining where the interactions that developed between the underground workings and overlying steep rock slopes evolved into a massive 800 m high pit slope failure. To properly assess the rock mass response to these interactions for the management of pit slope stability, surface subsidence and setback distances for mine infrastructure outside the pit rim, as well as for planning future underground development, understanding the controlling influence of geological structures on the ground response is crucial. Results are presented here from a series of 3D continuum and discontinuum numerical models that investigate the interactions between the open pit, block cave mine and large scale geological features present at Palabora. These results are compared to a detailed review of pit slope monitoring data to help provide understanding of the complex slope displacement patterns recorded and apparent pit slope kinematics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".