Cost and Time Overruns in Building Projects Procured Using Traditional Contracts in Nigeria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The traditional contract procurement system is reported to be the most preferred in Nigeria for the execution of construction projects. However, the system has been criticised to be ineffective in terms of both cost and time performances. Owing to scanty empirical evidence to support this claim, this study assessed cost and time overruns in building projects executed in Nigeria using the system. Schedule and cost data of building projects were accessed from randomly selected frontline quantity surveying firms in the study area. These comprised schedule data on 51 public and 41 private building projects as well as cost data on 42 public and 33 private building projects. The data were analysed using frequency, percentage and mean. The findings from the study revealed that both public and private building projects executed in the study area using traditional contract system experienced cost and time overruns to varying degrees. However, the system was more effective in terms of cost performance than time performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".