Dynamic Flocculation of Ultrafine Particles of Coal-Fired Power Plant Induced by Ionic Polyacrylamides at Bench and Pilot Scales
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ultrafine particles or particulate matter emitted from coal-fired power plants pose serious threats to public health. In this work, unique processes for flocculating ultrafine particles were developed and conducted at both bench and pilot scales. The results from dynamic flocculation processes, monitored through a benchtop photometric dispersion analyzer, indicated that ionic polyacrylamide of high molecular weight (MW) induced effective flocculation at concentrations of 1–3 ppm and neutral pH. Such conditions were adopted in a pilot-scale flocculation tower in accordance with the actual operating parameters of a power plant to verify the flocculation of ultrafine particles induced by counter-flow spraying flocculant solution into simulated flue gas. Results showed that the best conditions in pilot trials were to spray the diluted solution of anionic polymer with ultrahigh MW at 20 mL/min, which increased fine particle size from 2.46 to 25.9 μm (floc size), thus demonstrating the effectiveness of the process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".