128: The Burden of Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol: 2013 Revised Measurement of Cost
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Canada the incidence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is estimated to be one in 100 live births. FASD is the leading cause of developmental and cognitive disabilities in Canada. In 2007, we examined the cost of FASD in Canada. In that study we did not include prospective data of the cost of diagnosis, the cost of integrating homeless youth into the community, and the cost beyond 53 years of age. To calculate a revised estimate of direct and indirect costs associated with FASD at the patient level. Cross-sectional study design was used. Three-hundred and five (305) participants completed the study tool. Participants included caregivers of children, youth and adults, with FASD, from day of birth to 65 years, living in urban and rural communities throughout Canada. Participants completed the Health Services Utilization Inventory (HSUI). Key cost components were elicited: direct costs: medical, education, social services, out-of-pocket costs; and indirect costs: productivity losses. Total average costs per individual with FASD were calculated by summing the costs for each in each cost component, and dividing by the sample size. Costs were extrapolated to one year. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to identify significant determinants of costs and to calculate the adjusted annual costs associated with FASD. Total adjusted annual costs associated with FASD at the individual level was $32,840 (95% CI $26,452 to $40,092), compared to $21,642 (95% CI $19,842 to $24,041) in the last study. Severity of the individual's condition, intellectual level, age, and relationship of the individual to the caregiver (biological, adoptive, foster) were significant determinants of costs (P<0.001). Cost of FASD annually to Canada of those from day of birth to 65 years old, was $6.8 billion (95% CI $5.2 billion to $7.4 billion). Study results demonstrated the cost burden of FASD in Canada was profound. Inclusion of the cost of diagnosis, adults beyond the age of 53 years, and the costs of integrating homeless youth into the community provided a more accurate estimate of the costs of FASD. Implications for practice, policy, and research are discussed.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".