43: Association Between Breastfeeding Duration and Nutritional Risk During Early Childhood: A Cross-Sectional Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Children's eating behaviours and food preferences developed in early life impact on optimal growth and development. Children who consume inadequate nutrients are at risk of malnutrition, obesity, and other negative health consequences. Furthermore, dietary patterns established in early childhood carry forward into later childhood and adulthood, emphasizing the importance of developing healthy eating practices at an early age. Breastfeeding is associated with early infant food preferences and healthy eating behaviours, however, less is known about how breastfeeding is related with early childhood diet. Existing results are mixed, indicating longer breastfeeding duration is associated with healthier dietary behaviours in preschoolers, but conversely with dental caries and deficiencies of iron and vitamin D. To determine whether total breastfeeding duration is associated with eating behaviours among children 3–5 years, as assessed by the Nutritional Screening for Every Preschooler (NutriSTEP) questionnaire. Secondary objectives include examining the relationship between total breastfeeding duration and outcomes: dietary intake, total nutritional risk summary score, sweetened drink consumption, and sweet-savoury snack consumption. Cross-sectional data analysis of children 3–5 years, recruited from seven primary care practices in an urban setting (n=3070). A baseline health questionnaire that included the NutriSTEP assessment was completed by a parent upon their child's study enrolment. Multivariable linear regression was used to evaluate the association between total breastfeeding duration (continuous measure) and eating behaviours (5 item sub-score). Similar models were created to examine the secondary outcomes. Pre-specified, clinically relevant covariates were included in adjusted models. The average total breastfeeding duration was 11.36 months. In unadjusted analyses, total breastfeeding duration was significantly associated with all primary and secondary outcomes. In adjusted analyses, significant associations remained for all outcomes (except snacking); for each one month increase in total breastfeeding duration a decrease in the following outcomes were observed: eating behaviours sub-score −0.02 (95% CI −0.03 to −0.01); dietary intake sub-score −0.02 (95% CI −0.04 to −0.01); total nutritional risk summary score −0.05 (95% CI −0.08 to −0.02); and sweetened drinks consumption −0.02 (95% CI −0.02 to −0.01). Child's age and sex, bottle use in bed, number of siblings, maternal age, education, ethnicity and income, were significant covariates in adjusted models. Longer total breastfeeding duration is associated with decreased nutritional risk, particularly in eating behaviours and dietary intake, as well as decreased sweetened drink consumption. Our findings support heightened awareness of breastfeeding as a primary preventative health measure to enhance healthy eating in childhood.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".