The Revolution Finished, the Revolution Began: The “Indigenization” Policy and the Musical Life of Karelia in the 1920s and 1930s
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article presents an attempt of reconstruction of the historical and cultural situation in the Republic of Karelia in the period after the Bolshevik revolution in the aspects of politics, ideology and language. The development of the musical culture of the Soviet republic is examined in the context of “indigenization” – the strategy of the national state development project, which consisted in the preparation, advancement and introduction into the sphere of the state apparatus of personel from the representatives of the titular nations. From the beginning of the creation of the Karelian Workers’ Commune in 1920, a Finn, Edvard Gylling was engaged into its leadership. The main line of his strategy was the formation of the national Karelian-Finnish autonomy and engagement into the republic of Finnish emigres from Canada, the United States and Finland, many of which played an active role in the formation of the culture and education of the newly formed Soviet republic. Thus, the American Finn, Kale Rautio became the organizer of the musical life and the composer of the first large-scale compositions for chorus and symphony orchestra; the Finn Lauri became a teacher and the composer of choral compositions and music for theatrical productions. During the period of “Karelization” there appeared the conception of a single “Karelo-Finnish” language, according to which the Karelian language was assigned the role of oral usage, whereas Finnish was given the role and the status of the state language. Attention is focused on the fact that the period of the Gylling’s leadership in Karelia predetermined the important role of the “Finnish factor” in the formation of the cultural life and the educational system in Karelia of the first half of the 20th century. Keywords: musical culture of Karelia, indigenization, Edvard Gylling, Kalle Rautio, Lauri Jousinen, the “Finnish factor.”
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.024 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".