High Performance, Low Cost Loran-C Cycle Identification and ECD Estimation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A Loran-C system is a hyperbolic navigation system which works based on time difference of arrival (TDOA). Cycle identification is the task of finding time of arrival of the incoming signal. Finding time of arrival of the signal needs choosing a reference point which is defined to be the third zero crossing of the signal. ECD is the varied Loran-C signal’s envelope from the original pulse. Cycle identification and ECD estimation accuracies have considerable effects on the Loran-C system receivers’ localization accuracy and the error in cycle identification or ECD estimation has direct effect on each other so it is important to estimate the reference point and ECD as precise as possible. In this paper, algorithms for cycle identification and ECD estimation are proposed.Furthermore, this paper addresses the problem of the reference points existence between two samples and proposes two algorithms to estimate the reference points time of arrival between two samples which leads to reach high accuracy using low sampling frequency. The simulation results show that the proposed methods for cycle identification and ECD estimation are robust in noisy conditions and intersample cycle identification algorithms give accurate estimate of the reference points between two samples.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".