PSA screening: Time to overcome our brand confusion

I n this issue of CUAJ, you will undoubtedly scrutinize with interest the latest instalment of the CUA guidelines on prostate cancer screening.1 These well-reasoned recommendations are a welcome update from our association's previous iteration, published in 2011. 2 Beyond the typical literature review and evidence synthesis that prefaces these endeavors, the authors formulate the recommendations to speak to the audience to which it is most relevant: primary care physicians (PCP), as well as Canadian men and their families concerned about the risk of the significant threat to quality of life that prostate cancer can represent.The messages are well laid out as five preliminary questions, four of which speak directly to this intended target audience:1) Should men undergo prostate cancer screening?2) What age should it begin?3) When should it stop?4) How often should it be performed?The fifth additional question, outlining the current reflex tests used to support appropriate early diagnosis beyond a single prostate-specific antigen (PSA) reading, seems to be directed more to the urological crowd, although perhaps it also reinforces to our PCP colleagues that we continue to make progress in mitigating the over-and under-diagnosis associated with PSA.Interested Canadians (public and healthcare providers alike) would have to have been hiding under a rock not to have been inundated with all the ambivalent and confusing messaging around prostate cancer screening over the last decade.Since the previous CUA guidelines, 2 then giving PSA screening a Grade A recommendation, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) changed their previous stance and downgraded their recommendation from C to D. Soon after, our Canadian equivalent (CTFPHC) similarly gave a weak recommendation to abandon PSA and digital rectal exam use for men of any age.Multiple groups and associations had in the meanwhile produced somewhat conflicting recommendations.Although in general supportive of early diagnosis of prostate cancer, they all reiterate the need for balance mandated by the well-recognized potential harms of subsequent biopsy and curative treatments -globally endorsing the central theme of shared decision-making.In the interim, we have had time to digest the evidence provided by the three pivotal randomized studies informing the conversation.More comprehensive interpretation of the PLCO, ERSPC, and Göteborg randomized trials -including issues of non-compliance, contamination, and understanding of effect size with longer followup -has allowed more confidence on the impact of early diagnosis on incidence of metastatic disease and prostate cancer mortality.Ongoing observational studies, including those determining men at very low risk of prostate cancer mortality and the outcomes of active surveillance, as well as important investigations exploring the role of imaging and predictive biomarkers, has forever changed the conversation from a simple "yes/no to screening" to a more nuanced "if so, how to best screen." 3 One might argue that the recommendations of the USPSTF and the CTFPHC had, without meaning to, some positive effect by pushing the pause button on past, less optimally informed prostate cancer care practices.In Canada, however, population-based PSA screening had never really come to fruition, with only modest penetration of true screening in various regions across the country.Active surveillance has, and continues to have, significant uptake; indeed, Canada has led the world in using active surveillance to uncouple diagnosis from treatment.Most providers are now more likely to be concerned about under-treatment in the current paradigm.In any case, the messaging to our PCP colleagues from the task forces has had its impact.Webster et al, in a recent issue of CUAJ, nicely illustrates one region's experiences on PSA use and its impact of early diagnosis in a relatively captured/stable market in Ontario. 4 Several observational and modelling studies have quantified something we all seem to have witnessed over the last few years: decreased incidence of prostate cancer with a subsequent stage migration and PSA screening: Time to overcome our brand confusion EDITORIAL

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