De « créatures du gouvernement » à « gouvernements de proximité » : la trajectoire sinueuse des municipalités québécoises
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Résumé Les municipalités canadiennes sont traditionnellement considérées comme des créatures des provinces. Or au Québec, elles viennent d’être reconnues comme des gouvernements de proximité. Cette réforme de 2017 apporte une réponse originale à l’enjeu de la fragmentation municipale québécoise. Elle confirme non seulement le primat accordé au « palier » municipal, mais aussi l’abandon d’un modèle régional partenarial qui faisait office d’exception dans le contexte canadien. En outre, elle ajoute un nouvel épisode légal et financier dans les relations complexes qu’entretiennent le gouvernement provincial et les municipalités, dont les grandes villes et leurs élus seront les principaux bénéficiaires.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".