Effect of dietary supplementation of 2 forms of a B vitamin and choline blend on the performance of Holstein calves during the transition and postweaning phase
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The transition from a liquid- to a solid-based diet involves several adaptations in calves. Development of ruminal function is likely to alter B vitamin and choline supply, although little is known about the extent of these changes relative to the calf's requirements and consequences for the calf around weaning. Moreover, literature data are equivocal concerning the need to supplement B vitamins and choline through weaning and transition phase of the dairy calf. To evaluate the effect of increasing B vitamin and choline supply on performance, 61 Holstein calves were individually housed and raised from birth to 13 wk of age. Calves were fed milk replacer (28% crude protein, 15% fat) up to 1.6 kg of dry matter (DM)/d at 15% solids (3 times/d) from birth to 4 wk of age. At that time, calves were randomly assigned to one of 3 treatments: a rumen-protected blend of B vitamins and choline (RPBV); a 30:70 mix of a nonprotected blend of B vitamins and choline and fat (UPBV); or fat only, used as control (CTRL). Calves were maintained on milk replacer and offered ad libitum quantities of a starter grain (25.5% crude protein) specifically formulated to supply all essential amino acids with no added B vitamins or choline. The supplements were provided in gel capsules and administered once a day to each calf in quantities corresponding to 0.39 and 0.28% of the previous day's starter DM intake for the vitamin blends and control, respectively. Calves were weaned gradually from d 49 to 63. Body weight and stature were measured, and blood was collected and analyzed for hematocrit, plasma urea nitrogen, β-hydroxybutyrate, folates, and vitamin B 12 . Body weight and stature were similar among treatments. Overall gain (0.99 kg/d), DM intake (1.90 kg of DM/d), and feed efficiency (0.52) were not affected by vitamin supplementation. Plasma vitamin B 12 concentrations were not different between RPBV and UPBV but tended to be higher at the end of weaning and were greater postweaning in RPBV and UPBV treatments compared with CTRL. Both forms of the vitamin blend effectively improved vitamin B 12 status postweaning with no effect on folate status. No differences were observed in other blood measurements. Under conditions of this study, additional B vitamins and choline did not improve calf performance before, during, or after weaning.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".