Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examines whether geographic agglomeration influences the entry mode of multinational corporation (MNC). Using data from 190 MNCs and their 1,854 foreign subsidiaries that entered China between 1983 and 2008, we found that MNCs are more likely to use low-control modes when their entries are agglomerated with subsidiaries of other MNCs with different business functions from the same home country. Such external subsidiaries substitute direct control more effectively than sister subsidiaries, which is further amplified when MNCs have experience in the host city. The substitution effect for agglomerating with sister subsidiaries exists only for those with the same function, and only when the host city has high-levels of government effectiveness. Experience in the host city, however, leads the focal subsidiary to increase ownership under agglomeration with the subsidiaries of other MNCs from the same home country with the same business functions. Overall, external subsidiaries with different functions play the role of indirect monitoring agents, which is not the case for sister subsidiaries and external subsidiaries with the same function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".