The Great Achievement of Greek-Owned Shipping (1946-2017) and Keynes’ Animal Spirits
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Greek-owned Shipping’s great achievement since 1946, time when ~100 liberties acquired, is presented. It lies in the disproportion between a large global fleet and a small national seaborne trade. We also presented the 1300 years historical link between 21 Greek islands, and at least 31 great ship owners; kinship ties created by living in the same island, and… by marriages among fleet owners; the common participation in the ship capital of the ship owner and of his crew (συμπλοιοκτησiα = common ownership). The causes shown were 1) international and 2) national: 1) Greeks were cross-traders; the shipping policy of oil companies favored them; the seaborne trade expansion too. 2) Greek-fatherland was occupied for 376 years (1453 - 1829) by Turks; Greek merchants/ship owners had to work abroad (UK 1800s; NY 1939; Canada 1939); Greeks became skilled in owning and building ships since the time of Themistocles (524 - 459 BC), who saved Europe from Persians. We showed four additional important factors: 1) Tradition, 2) Time, 3) Strategy and 4) Setoff. Tradition found responsible for 49% (in tonnage terms) of the fleet owned by top (≥1 m dwt) 74 shipping companies, i.e. 146 m dwt in 2016 were traditional. This proved that Greeks—at least 1 out of 2—have a “nontraditional” shipping DNA. We found that in May, 2009, there were 47 top Greek-owned shipping companies owning 120.5 m dwt and by 2016 they were 77, owning 299 m dwt! Alfred Marshall’s Law for decreasing cost industries holds here… Finally, we showed the strategy of Greek-owned shipping, which was: “buy used ships—at rock bottom prices—larger and younger than the ones you are about to sell”; “sell/scrap smaller and older ones”. Setoff, as shown, is the innovative element originating in Greek DNA: a subsequent generation frequently forms its own opinion of how the company had to be managed... This leads to set off by one or two family-members in creating their own company. The setoff companies, nevertheless, showed faster growth, demolishing-out the old saying: “strength is in unity”. These set off companies owned ~110
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".