Impact of a draft tube on industrial‐scale Fluid Coker™ Spray Jets in fluidized beds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In fluidized bed reactors such as Fluid Cokers™, liquid injections are used. Good contact between liquid and bed solids is required to maximize product yields and quality, and gas‐atomized nozzles are, therefore, used in all these processes. The spray nozzle technology is known to affect the liquid distribution. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the effect on liquid distribution of a draft tube located downstream of the spray nozzle, inside the fluidized bed. Experiments were conducted at a relevant scale, using a commercial‐scale nozzle with a liquid flow rate of about 100 L/min in a large‐scale pilot fluid bed containing about 7 tonnes of silica sand. Liquid injected into a fluidized bed either forms liquid‐solid agglomerates or free moisture, consisting of individual particles coated with a thin layer of liquid. Several electrodes were used to map the free moisture distribution throughout the bed. A draft tube greatly improves the contact efficiency throughout the bed. It also increases the penetration of the gas‐liquid jet formed by spray inside the fluidized bed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".