Roosting in exposed microsites by a nocturnal bird, the rufous-cheeked nightjar: implications for water balance under current and future climate conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Nocturnally active birds roosting in exposed diurnal microsites with intense solar radiation can experience operative temperatures (T e ) that markedly differ from air temperature (T a ). Quantifying T e thus becomes important for accurately modeling energy and water balance. We measured T e at roost and nest sites used by Rufous-cheeked Nightjars ( Caprimulgus rufigena ) with three-dimensionally printed biophysical models covered with the integument and plumage of a bird. Additionally, we estimated site-specific diurnal water requirements for evaporative cooling by integrating T e and T a profiles with evaporative water loss (EWL) data for Rufous-cheeked Nightjars. Between 12:00 and 15:00 hrs, average T e at roost sites varied from 33.1 to 49.9 °C, whereas at the single nest site T e averaged 51.4 °C. Average diurnal EWL, estimated using T e , was as high as 10.5 and 11.3 g at roost and nest sites, respectively, estimates 3.8- and 4.0-fold greater, respectively, than when calculated with T a profiles. These data illustrate that under current climatic conditions, Rufous-cheeked Nightjars can experience EWL potentially approaching their limits of dehydration tolerance. In the absence of microsite changes, climate change during the 21 st century could perhaps create thermal conditions under which Rufous-cheeked Nightjars exceed dehydration tolerance limits before the onset of their nocturnal active phase.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".