Neonatal maternal separation opposes the facilitatory effect of castration on the respiratory response to hypercapnia of the adult male rat: Evidence for the involvement of the medial amygdala
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Respiratory manifestations of panic disorder (PD) include a greater respiratory instability and enhanced responsiveness toCO2compared to normal individuals. Although the prevalence ofPDis approximately three times greater in women compared to men, the origins of this sexual dimorphism remain poorly understood. Similar toPDpatients, adult female rats previously subjected to neonatal maternal separation (NMS) show an increase in their ventilatory response toCO2. Because this effect ofNMSis not observed in males, we hypothesised that testosterone preventsNMS‐induced hyper‐responsiveness toCO2. Pups subjected toNMSwere placed in an incubator for 3 h d‐1from postnatal days 3‐12. Control pups remained undisturbed. At adulthood (8‐10 weeks of age), rats were then subjected either to sham surgery or castration. Fourteen days later, breathing was measured at rest (room air) and during acute exposure to hypercapnia (5 and 10%CO2for 10 minutes each) using plethysmography. To gain insight into the mechanisms involved,c‐fosexpression was used as an indicator of neuronal activation. Brains were collected following air orCO2exposure for quantification ofc‐fospositive cells by immunohistochemistry in selected regions, including the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the dorsomedial hypothalamus and the amygdalar complex. Castration produced a 100% increase of hyperventilatory response to 10%CO2in control rats. Unexpectedly, castration had no effect on the hyperventilatory response ofNMSrats. The intensity of the hypercapnic response was inversely correlated withc‐fosexpression in the medial amygdala. We conclude that testosterone prevents the hyper‐responsiveness toCO2, whereasNMSattenuates sensitivity to hormone withdrawal. We propose that an inhibitory influence from the medial amygdala contributes to this effect.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".