Air entrainment driven by a converging rotational field in a viscous liquid
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A thorough physical understanding of gas entrainment within a liquid pool is established using a pair of fully submerged cylinders with an opposite but symmetric rotational field. An asymmetric version of such entrainment of gaseous filaments inside a liquid has been demonstrated in our earlier work [P. Kumar, A. K. Das and S. K. Mitra, Phys. Fluids 29, 022101 (2017)]. Here, our efforts focus on revealing the governing factors and understanding the stages of alteration from a stratified to an undulating interface for a wide range of symmetric cylinder rotations. Interfacial configurations such as an upper rounded crest, a bubble-ejecting jet, and a non-collapsible jet with an air pocket in the stagnant zone are obtained as the cylinder rotation increases. Near the critical capillary number, air pinch-off into a filament and subsequent stable collapse of this filament into bubbles were observed. As the rotation-driven capillary number increased, we noted the formation of an entrained jet of gaseous-phase forming air pockets in the region, which resulted in a diverging rotational field. Our analysis of the fluid stream explains the interfacial configurations and corresponding entrainment patterns based on fundamental physics. The power-law fit (Y = KXm) of the cusp profiles revealed close agreement with numerically obtained interfaces. We propose correlation coefficients as a function of the capillary number. We also assess the dependence of the entrainment pattern on cylinder submergence and spacing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".