Air entrainment driven by a converging rotational field in a viscous liquid
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A thorough physical understanding of gas entrainment within a liquid pool is established using a pair of fully submerged cylinders with an opposite but symmetric rotational field. An asymmetric version of such entrainment of gaseous filaments inside a liquid has been demonstrated in our earlier work [P. Kumar, A. K. Das and S. K. Mitra, Phys. Fluids 29, 022101 (2017)]. Here, our efforts focus on revealing the governing factors and understanding the stages of alteration from a stratified to an undulating interface for a wide range of symmetric cylinder rotations. Interfacial configurations such as an upper rounded crest, a bubble-ejecting jet, and a non-collapsible jet with an air pocket in the stagnant zone are obtained as the cylinder rotation increases. Near the critical capillary number, air pinch-off into a filament and subsequent stable collapse of this filament into bubbles were observed. As the rotation-driven capillary number increased, we noted the formation of an entrained jet of gaseous-phase forming air pockets in the region, which resulted in a diverging rotational field. Our analysis of the fluid stream explains the interfacial configurations and corresponding entrainment patterns based on fundamental physics. The power-law fit (Y = KXm) of the cusp profiles revealed close agreement with numerically obtained interfaces. We propose correlation coefficients as a function of the capillary number. We also assess the dependence of the entrainment pattern on cylinder submergence and spacing.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it