Nanoelectronic Platform for Ultrasensitive Detection of Protein Biomarkers in Serum using DNA Amplification
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Silicon nanowire field effect transistors (NWFETs) are low noise, low power, ultrasensitive biosensors that are highly amenable to integration. However, using NWFETs to achieve direct protein detection in physiological buffers such as blood serum remains difficult due to Debye screening, nonspecific binding, and stringent functionalization requirements. In this work, we performed an indirect sandwich immunoassay in serum combined with exponential DNA amplification and pH measurement by ultrasensitive NWFET sensors. Measurements of model cytokine interleukin-2 concentrations from <20 fM to >200 pM were demonstrated, surpassing the conventional NWFET urease-based readout. Our approach paves way for future development of universal, highly sensitive, miniaturized, and integrated nanoelectronic devices that can be applied to a wide variety of analytes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".