Probing Surface Functionality on Amorphous Carbons Using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Bound Metal Ions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The surface functionality of amorphous carbons is difficult to directly measure because of a lack of crystallinity and overwhelming signals derived from the bulk material. Biochar, a form of amorphous carbon containing considerable oxygen surface functionality, was probed using metal ions and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to simultaneously measure the presence and proximity of functional groups and determine the preferred binding modes of a variety of metal ions. These binding motifs were correlated to the efficiency of metal adsorption as determined using the Langmuir isotherm and stability with respect to leaching. Three binding motifs were apparent: physisorption (Cd 2+, Mn 2+, and Zn 2+ ), chelation (Cu 2+, Ni 2+, and Zn 2+ ), and hydrolysis/precipitation (Cu 2+, Ni 2+, and Pb 2+ ).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".